Chapter 8 Reproductive Tract Infections

  1. Bain AM: The role of infection in infertility in the thoroughbred mare. Vet Rec 78:168–173, 1966. PUBMED Abstract
  2. Dimock WV, Edwards PR: Bacteria of the genital tract of mares and the semen of stallions and their relation to breeding efficiency. J Am Vet Med Assoc 64:288–298, 1923.
  3. Bain AM: Problems associated with infertility in the broodmare. Aust Vet J 24:152, 1948.
  4. Beehan DP, McKinnon AO: How to diagnose common equine reproductive tract bacterial pathogens using chromogenic agar. Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 54:320–325, 2009.
  5. Digby NJW, Ricketts SW: Results of concurrent bacteriological and cytological examinations of the endometrium of mares in routine stud farm practice, 1978-81. J Reprod Fertil 32:181–185, 1982. PUBMED Abstract
  6. Dimock WW: The pathology and bacteriology of the reproductive organs of mares in relation to sterility, Kentucky Experimental Station Research Bulletin No. 286, 1928.
  7. Dimock WW: Breeding problems in mares. Cornell Vet 25:165–176, 1935.
  8. Ghasemi F, Ghasemzadeh-Nava H, Shirazi A: The relation of age, barren years, and kind of pathogen to mare endometritis. Biol Reprod 64:316–317, 2001.
  9. Ghasemzadeh-Nava H, Ghasemi F, Tajik P, Shirazi A: A review of mare endometritis in Iran. J Equine Vet Sci 24(5):188–192, 2004.
  10. Rasbeck NO: Effects of equine genital infections on reproduction. Nord Vet Med 17:307–317, 1965.
  11. Reiswig JD, Threllfall WR, Rosol TJ: A comparison of endometrial biopsy, culture and cytology during oestrus and dioestrus in the horse. Equine Vet J 25:240–241, 1993. PUBMED Abstract
  12. Ricketts SW, Mackintosh ME: Role of anaerobic bacteria in equine endometritis. J Reprod Fertil Suppl 35:343–351, 1987. PUBMED Abstract
  13. LeBlanc MM, Causey RC: Clinical and subclinical endometritis in the mare: both threats to fertility. Reprod Dom Anim 44:10–22, 2009. PUBMED Abstract
  14. Liu IKM, Troedsson MHT: The diagnosis and treatment of endometritis in the mare: yesterday and today. Theriogenology 70:415–420, 2008.
  15. Tibary A: Identification de quelques problèmes de reproduction chez les chevaux, Thèse de Doctorat Vétérinaire, Rabat, Morocco, 1980, Institut Agronomique et Vétérinaires Hassan II.
  16. Tibary A: Pathologie de la gestation. In Tibary A, Bakkoury M, editors: Reproduction équine, Tome I. La jument, Actes éditions, Rabat, Morocco, 1994, Institut Agronomique et Vétérinare Hassan II, pp 199–226.
  17. Carnavale EM, Ginther OJ: Relationships of age to uterine function and reproductive efficiency in mares. Theriogenology 37:1101–1115, 1992. PUBMED Abstract
  18. Hurtgen JP: Pathogenesis and treatment of endometritis in the mare: a review. Theriogenology 66:560–566, 2006. PUBMED Abstract
  19. Ricketts SW, Alonso S: The effect of age and parity on the development of equine chronic endometrial diseases. Equine Vet J 23:189–192, 1991. PUBMED Abstract
  20. Albihn A: Microbiology of uterine infections in Sweden. Equine Vet Data 18:511, 1998.
  21. Silva N, Braga CE, Costa GM, et al: Isolamento e teste de susceptibilidade a antimicrobianos de bactérias em infecções uterinas de águas. Arq Bras Med Vet Zootec 51(3), 1999.
  22. Platt H, Atherton JG: Klebsiella and Enterobacter organisms isolated from horses. J Hygiene 77:401–408, 1976. PUBMED Abstract
  23. Caudle AB: Bacterial causes of infertility and abortion. In Youngquist RS, editor: Current therapy in large animal theriogenology, Philadelphia, 1997, Saunders, pp 179–195.
  24. Ferreira-Dias G, Nequin LG, King SS: Influence of estrous cycle stage on adhesion of Streptococcus zooepidemicus to equine endometrium. Am J Vet Res 55:1028–1031, 1994. PUBMED Abstract
  25. King SS, Young DA, Nequin LG, et al: Use of specific sugars to inhibit bacterial adherence to equine endometrium in vitro. Am J Vet Res 61(4):446–449, 2000. PUBMED Abstract
  26. Lindmark H, Jacobsson K, Frykberg L, et al: Fibronectin-binding protein of Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus. Infect Immun 64:3993–3999, 1996. PUBMED Abstract
  27. Wibawan IWT, Pasaribu FH, Utama IH, et al: The role of hyaluronic acid capsular material of Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus in mediating adherence to HeLa cells and in resisting phagocytosis. Res Vet Sci 67:131–135, 1999. PUBMED Abstract
  28. Favre-Bonte S, Joly B, Forestier C: Consequences of reduction of Klebsiella pneumoniae capsule expression on interactions of this bacterium with epithelial cells. Infect Immun 67:554–561, 1999. PUBMED Abstract
  29. Parkins MD, Ceri H, Storey DG: Pseudomonas aeruginosa GacA, a factor in multihost virulence, is also essential for biofilm formation. Mol Microbiol 40:1215–1226, 2001. PUBMED Abstract
  30. Costerton JW, Stewart PS, Greenberg EP: Bacterial biofilms: a common cause of persistent infections. Science 284:1318–1322, 1999. PUBMED Abstract
  31. Domenico P, Salo RJ, Cross AS, et al: Polysaccharide capsule-mediated resistance to opsonophagocytosis in Klebsiella pneumoniae. Infect Immun 62:4495–4499, 1994. PUBMED Abstract
  32. Olson ME, Ceri H, Morck DW, et al: Biofilm bacteria: formation and comparative susceptibility to antibiotics. Can J Vet Res 66:86–92, 2002. PUBMED Abstract
  33. Lyle SK, Asbury AC, Boyle MDP, et al: Pathogenesis of equine endometritis: proposed interaction between streptococcal immunoglobulin-binding proteins and other uterine pathogens. J Reprod Ferti Suppl 44:741, 1991.
  34. Dascanio JJ, Schweizer C, Ley WB: Equine fungal endometritis. Equine Vet Educ 13(6):324–329, 2001.
  35. Dascanio JJ, Parker NA, Ley WB, et al: Diagnostic procedures in mare reproduction: uterine evaluation, hysteroscopy, oviductal patency, and scintigraphy. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 19(9):1069–1073, 1997.
  36. Doyle A: Genital tract infection with Candida albicans (Monilia) in a Thoroughbred mare. Irish Vet J 23:90–91, 1969.
  37. Pugh DG, Bowen JM, Kloppe LH, et al: Fungal endometritis in mares. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 8:S173–S181, 1986.
  38. Zafracas AM: Candida infection of the genital tract in Thoroughbred mares. J Reprod Fertil Suppl 23:349–351, 1975. PUBMED Abstract
  39. Chengappa MM, Maddux RL, Greer SC: Isolation and identification of yeasts and yeastlike organisms from clinical veterinary sources. J Clin Microbiol 19:427–428, 1984. PUBMED Abstract
  40. Mahendra P, Lee C: A case of equine endometritis caused by Candida albicans. J Vet Clin 19(4):426–428, 2002.
  41. Nielsen JM: Endometritis in the mare: a diagnostic study comparing cultures from swab and biopsy. Theriogenology 64:510–518, 2005. PUBMED Abstract
  42. Petrites-Murphy MB, Robbins LA, Donahue JM, et al: Equine cryptococcal endometritis and placentitis with neonatal cryptococcal pneumonia. J Vet Diagn Invest 8(3):383–386, 1996. PUBMED Abstract
  43. Malmgren L, Engvall EO, Engvall A, et al: Aerobic bacterial-flora of semen and stallion reproductive-tract and its relation to fertility under field conditions. Acta Vet Scand 39(2):173–182, 1998. PUBMED Abstract
  44. Moorthy ARS, Spradbrow PB Eisler MED: Isolation of mycoplasmas from the genital tract of horses. Aust Vet J 53:167–169, 1977. PUBMED Abstract
  45. Spergser J, Aurich C, Aurich J, et al: High prevalence of mycoplasmas in the genital tract of asymptomatic stallions in Austria. Vet Microbiol 87:119–129, 2002. PUBMED Abstract
  46. Zgorniak-Nowesielka IN, Bredlanski W, Kosiniak K: Mycoplasmas in stallion semen. Anim Reprod Sci 7:343–350, 1984.
  47. Baczynska A, Fedder J, Schougaard H, et al: Prevalence of mycoplasmas in the semen and vaginal swabs of Danish stallions and mares. Vet Microbiol 121:138–143, 2007. PUBMED Abstract
  48. Heitmann J, Kirchhoff H, Petzoldt K, et al: Isolation of acholeplasmas and mycoplasmas from aborted horse fetuses. Vet Rec 104(15):350, 1979. PUBMED Abstract
  49. Kirchhoff H: Bestimmung von Acholeplasmen und Mykoplasmen aus abortierten Feten von Pferden. Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr 92(24):504–506, 1979.
  50. Kirchhoff H, Bisping W, Floer W: Nachweis von Acholeplasmen und Mykoplasmen in abortierten Pferdefeten. Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr 86:401–403, 1973.
  51. Bermudez V, Miller R, Johnson W, et al: The prevalence of Mycoplasma spp. and their relationship to reproductive performance in selected equine herds in southern Ontario. J Reprod Fertil Suppl 35:671–673, 1987.
  52. Liu IK, Williamson P, Evans MJ: Biophysical mechanism associated with uterine defense against infection in the mare. Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 33:45–50, 1987.
  53. Hughes JP, Loy RG: Investigation on the effect of intrauterine inoculations of Streptococcus zooepidemicus in the mare. Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 15:289–292, 1969.
  54. Peterson FB, McFeely RA, David JSE: Studies on the pathogenesis of endometritis in the mare. Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 15:279–287, 1969.
  55. Asbury AC, Halliwell REW, Foster GW, et al: Immunoglobulins in uterine secretions of mares with differing resistance to endometritis. Theriogenology 14(4):299–308, 1980. PUBMED Abstract
  56. Liu IK, Cheung AT: Immunoglobulin and neutrophil defense against uterine infection in mares resistant and susceptible to chronic endometritis: a review. J Am Vet Med Assoc 189:700–702, 1986. PUBMED Abstract
  57. Mitchell G, Liu IKM, Perryman LE, et al: Preferential production and secretion of immunoglobulins by the equine endometrium: a mucosal immune system. J Reprod Fertility Suppl 32:161–168, 1982. PUBMED Abstract
  58. Watson ED, Stokes CR: Plasma cell numbers in uteri of mares with persistent endometritis and in ovariectomized mares treated with ovarian steroids. Equine Vet J 20:424–425, 1988. PUBMED Abstract
  59. Widders PR, Stokes CR, David JSE, et al: Effect of cycle stage on immunoglobulin concentrations in reproductive tract secretions of the mare. J Reprod Immunol 7:233–242, 1985. PUBMED Abstract
  60. Williamson P, Dunning A, O'Connor J, et al: Immunoglobulin levels, protein concentrations and alkaline phosphatase activity in uterine flushing from mares with endometritis. Theriogenology 19(3):441–448, 1983.
  61. Asbury AC, Schultz KT, Klesius PH, et al: Factors affecting phagocytosis of bacteria by neutrophils in the mare's uterus. J Reprod Fertil Suppl 32:151–159, 1982. PUBMED Abstract
  62. Watson ED, Stokes CR, Bourne FJ: Influence of administration of ovarian steroids on the function of neutrophils isolated from the blood and uterus of ovariectomized mares. J Endocrinol 112:443–448, 1987. PUBMED Abstract
  63. Williamson P, Munyna S, Penhale J: Endometritis in the mare: a comparison between reproductive history and uterine biopsy as techniques for predicting susceptibility of mares to uterine infection. Theriogenology 32(3):351–357, 1989. PUBMED Abstract
  64. Williamson P, Munyna S, Martin R, et al: Dynamics of the acute uterine response to infection, endotoxin infusion and physical manipulation of the reproductive tract in the mare. J Reprod Fertil Suppl 35:317–325, 1987. PUBMED Abstract
  65. Maloufi F, Pierson RA, Otto S, et al: Mares susceptible or resistant to endometritis have similar endometrial echographic and inflammatory cell reaction at 96 hours after infusion with frozen semen and extender. Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 48:51–57, 2002.
  66. Troedsson MHT: The pathophysiology and therapy of endometritis in the mare. Ippologia 11(3):15–27, 2000.
  67. Summerfield NJ, Watson ED: Endometrial macrophage populations in genitally normal mares at oestrus and dioestrus and in mares susceptible to endometritis. Equine Vet J 30(1):79–81, 1998. PUBMED Abstract
  68. Blue HB, Blue MG, Kenny RM, et al: Chemotactic proprieties and protein of equine uterine fluid. Am J Vet Res 45:1205–1208, 1984. PUBMED Abstract
  69. Watson ED, Stokes CR, Bourne FJ: Cellular and humoral defense mechanisms in mares susceptible and resistant to persistent endometritis. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 16:107–121, 1987. PUBMED Abstract
  70. Fumoso E, Giguere S, Wade J, et al: Endometrial IL-1beta, IL-6 and TNF-alpha, mRNA expression in mares resistant or susceptible to post-breeding endometritis: effects of estrous cycle, artificial insemination and immunomodulation. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 96:31–41, 2003. PUBMED Abstract
  71. Liu IK, Cheung AT, Walsh EM, et al: Comparison of peripheral blood and uterine-derived polymorphonuclear leukocytes from mares resistant and susceptible to chronic endometritis: chemotactic and cell elastimetry analysis. Am J Vet Res 46:917–920, 1985. PUBMED Abstract
  72. Liu IK, Cheung AT, Walsh EM, et al: The functional competence of uterine-derived polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) from mares resistant and susceptible to chronic uterine infection: a sequential migration analysis. Biol Reprod 35:1168–1174, 1986. PUBMED Abstract
  73. Watson ED, Watson ED: Uterine defense mechanisms in mares resistant and susceptible to persistent endometritis: a review. Equine Vet J 20:397–400, 1988.
  74. Watson ED, Stokes CR, Bourne FJ: Influence of arachidonic acid metabolites in vitro and uterine washings on migration of equine neutrophils under agarose. Res Vet Sci 43:203–207, 1987. PUBMED Abstract
  75. Asbury AC, Hansen PJ: Effects of susceptibility of mares to endometritis and stage of cycle on phagocytic activity of uterine derived neutrophils. J Reprod Fertil Suppl 35:311–316, 1987. PUBMED Abstract
  76. Cheung ATW, Liu IKM, Walsh EM, et al: Phagocytic and killing capacities of uterine derived polymorphonuclear leukocytes from mares resistant and susceptible to chronic endometritis. Am J Vet Res 46:1938–1940, 1985. PUBMED Abstract
  77. Zerbe H, Engelke F, Leibold W, et al: Immunophenotypical and functional properties of equine uterine neutrophils of mares with or without degenerative endometrial changes. Pferdeheilkunde 17(6):650–652, 2001.
  78. Hansen PJ, Asbury AC: Opsonins of Streptococcus in uterine flushings of mares susceptible and resistant to endometritis: control of secretion and partial characterization. Am J Vet Res 48:646–650, 1987. PUBMED Abstract
  79. Brown AE, Hansen PJ, Asbury AC: Opsonization of bacteria by uterine secretions of cyclic mares. Am J Reprod Immunol 9:119–123, 1985. PUBMED Abstract
  80. Asbury AC: Uterine defense mechanisms in the mare: the use of intrauterine plasma in the management of endometritis. Theriogenology 21(2):387–393, 1984. PUBMED Abstract
  81. LeBlanc M, Ward L, Tran T, et al: Identification and opsonic activity of immunoglobulins recognizing Streptococcus zooepidemicus antigens in uterine fluids of mares. J Reprod Fertil Suppl 44:289–296, 1991. PUBMED Abstract
  82. Blue MG, Brady AA, Davidson JN, et al: Studies on the composition and antibacterial activity of uterine fluid from mares. J Reprod Fertil Suppl 32:143–149, 1982. PUBMED Abstract
  83. Washburn SM, Klesius PH, Ganjam VK, et al: Effect of oestrogen and progesterone on the phagocytic response of ovariectomized mares infected in utero with beta-hemolytic streptococci. Am J Vet Res 43(8):1367–1370, 1982. PUBMED Abstract
  84. Pascoe DR: Effect of adding autologous plasma to an intrauterine antibiotic therapy after breeding on pregnancy rates in mares. Biol Reprod Monogr Series 1:539–543, 1995.
  85. Alghamdi AS, Troedsson MHT: Concentration of nitric oxide in uterine secretion from mares susceptible and resistant to chronic post-breeding endometritis. Theriogenology 58:445–448, 2002.
  86. Card C: Post-breeding inflammation and endometrial cytology in mares. Theriogenology 64:580–588, 2005. PUBMED Abstract
  87. Katila T: Onset and duration of uterine inflammatory response of mares after insemination with fresh semen (monograph). Biol Reprod 1:515–517, 1995.
  88. Madill S, Troedsson MHT, Santschi EM, et al: Dose-response effect of intramuscular oxytocin treatment on myometrial contraction of reproductively normal mares during estrus. Theriogenology 58:479–481, 2002.
  89. Nie GJ, Johnson KE, Wenzel JGW, et al: Effect of periovulatory ecbolics on luteal function and fertility. Theriogenology 58:461–463, 2002.
  90. Nikolakopoulos E, Watson ED: Does artificial insemination with chilled, extended semen reduce the antigenic challenge to the mares uterus compared with natural service? Theriogenology 47(2):583–590, 1997. PUBMED Abstract
  91. Nikolakopoulos E, Watson ED: Uterine contractility is necessary for the clearance of intrauterine fluid but not bacteria after bacterial infusion in the mare. Theriogenology 52(3):413–423, 1999. PUBMED Abstract
  92. Nikolakopoulos E, Watson ED: Effect of infusion volume and sperm numbers on persistence of uterine inflammation in mares. Equine Vet J 32(2):164–166, 2000. PUBMED Abstract
  93. Troedsson MHT: Uterine clearance and resistance to persistent endometritis in the mare. Theriogenology 52:461–471, 1999.
  94. Troedsson MHT, Ababneh MM, Ohgren AF, et al: Effect of periovulatory prostaglandin F2 alpha on pregnancy rates and luteal function in the mare. Theriogenology 55:1891–1899, 2001. PUBMED Abstract
  95. Watson ED: Post-breeding endometritis in the mare. Anim Reprod Sci 60/61:221–232, 2000. PUBMED Abstract
  96. Evans LH, Hamer JM, Gason LM, et al: Factors affecting uterine clearance of inoculated materials in mares. J Reprod Fertil Suppl 35:257–267, 1987. PUBMED Abstract
  97. LeBlanc MM, Asbury AC, Lyle SK: Uterine clearance mechanisms during the early postovulatory period in the mare. Am J Vet Res 50:864–867, 1989. PUBMED Abstract
  98. Troedsson MHT, Liu IKM: Uterine clearance of nonantigenic markers (51Cr) in response to a bacterial challenge in mares potentially susceptible and resistant to chronic uterine infections. J Reprod Fertil Suppl 44:283–288, 1991.
  99. Troedsson MHT, Liu IKM: Measurement of total volume and protein concentration of intrauterine secretion after intrauterine inoculation of bacteria in mares that were either resistant or susceptible to chronic uterine infection. Am J Vet Res 53:1641–1644, 1992.
  100. Ricketts SW, Barrelet A: The ability of mares to respond to treatment for uterine abnormalities diagnosed by endometrial biopsy and some causes for failure to respond: a review of 1099 cases. Pferdeheilkunde 17(6):644–649, 2001.
  101. Kenney RM: Cyclic and pathologic changes of the mare endometrium as detected by biopsy, with a note on early embryonic death. J Am Vet Med Assoc 172:241–262, 1978. PUBMED Abstract
  102. LeBlanc MM, Johnson RD, Mays MBC, et al: Lymphatic clearance of India ink in reproductively normal mares and mares susceptible to endometritis. Biol Reprod Monogr Series 1:501–506, 1995.
  103. LeBlanc MM, Neuwirth L, Jones L, et al: Differences in uterine position of reproductively normal mares and those with delayed uterine clearance detected by scintigraphy. Theriogenology 50:49–54, 1998. PUBMED Abstract
  104. Causey RC, Ginn PS, Katz BP, et al: Mucus production by endometrium of reproductively healthy mares and mares with delayed uterine clearance. J Reprod Fertil Suppl 56:333–339, 2000. PUBMED Abstract
  105. Ferreira-Dias GM, Nequin LG, King SS: Morphologic comparisons among equine endometrium categories I, II, and III, using light and transmission electron microscopy. Am J Vet Res 60:49–55, 1999. PUBMED Abstract
  106. Freeman KP, Roszel JF, Slusher SH, et al: Variation in glycogen and mucins in the equine uterus related to physiologic and pathologic conditions. Theriogenology 33:799–808, 1990. PUBMED Abstract
  107. Rigby SL, Barhoumi R, Burghardt RC, et al: Mares with delayed uterine clearance have an intrinsic defect in myometrial function. Biol Reprod 65:740–747, 2001. PUBMED Abstract
  108. Troedsson MHT, Liu IKM, Ing M, et al: Multiple site electromyography recordings of uterine activity following an intrauterine bacterial challenge in mares susceptible and resistant to chronic uterine infection. J Reprod Fertil 99:307–313, 1993. PUBMED Abstract
  109. Behrendt-Adam CY, Adams MH, Simpson KS, et al: Effects of steroids on endometrial oxytocin mRNA production. J Reprod Fertil Suppl 56:297–304, 2000. PUBMED Abstract
  110. Cadario ME, Merritt AM, Archbald LF, et al: Changes in intrauterine pressure after oxytocin administration in reproductively normal mares and in those with a delay in uterine clearance. Theriogenology 51:1017–1025, 1999. PUBMED Abstract
  111. Cadario ME, Thatcher WW, Klapstein E, et al: Dynamics of prostaglandin secretion, intrauterine fluid and uterine clearance in reproductively normal mares and mares with delayed uterine clearance. Theriogenology 52:1181–1192, 1999. PUBMED Abstract
  112. LeBlanc MM: Advances in the diagnosis and treatment of chronic infectious and post-mating-induced endometritis in the mare. Reprod Dom Anim 45:21–27, 2010. PUBMED Abstract
  113. Nash DM, Sheldon IM, Herath S, et al: Markers of the uterine innate immune response of the mare. Anim Reprod Sci 119:31–39, 2010. PUBMED Abstract
  114. Barbacini S, Necchi D, Zavaglia G, et al: Retrospective study on the incidence of postinsemination uterine fluid in mares inseminated with frozen/thawed semen. Equine Vet J 23(11):493–496, 2003.
  115. Malschitzky E, Schilela A, Mattos ALG, et al: Intrauterine fluid accumulation during foal heat increases embryonic death. Pferdeheilkunde 19:646–649, 2003.
  116. Pycock JF, Newcombe JR: Assessment of the effect of three treatments to remove intrauterine fluid on pregnancy rate in the mare. Vet Rec 138:320–323, 1996. PUBMED Abstract
  117. Troedsson MHT: Therapeutic considerations for mating induced endometritis. Pferdeheilkunde 13:516–520, 1997.
  118. Cocchia N, Paciello O, Auletta L, et al: Comparison of the cytobrush, cottonswab, and low-volume uterine flush techniques to evaluate endometrial cytology for diagnosing endometritis in chronically infertile mares. Theriogenology 77:89–98, 2012. PUBMED Abstract
  119. Card C, Carley S, Green J, et al: Endometrial cytology in mares bred with frozen semen. Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 50:1491–1204, 2004.
  120. Freeman KP, Roszel JF, Slusher SH, et al: Mycotic infections of the equine uterus. Equine Pract 8:32–42, 1986.
  121. Riddle WT, LeBlanc MM, Stromberg AJ: Relationships between uterine culture, cytology and pregnancy rates in a Thoroughbred practice. Theriogenology 68:395–402, 2007. PUBMED Abstract
  122. Nielsen JM, Troedsson MH, Pedersen MR, et al: Diagnosis of endometritis in the mare based on bacteriological and cytological examinations of the endometrium: comparison of results obtained by swabs and biopsies. J Equine Vet Sci 30:27–30, 2010.
  123. LeBlanc MM, Magsig J, Stromberg AJ: Use of a low-volume uterine flush for diagnosing endometritis in chronically infertile mares. Theriogenology 68:403–412, 2007. PUBMED Abstract
  124. Asbury AC: Post-breeding treatment of mares utilizing techniques that improve uterine defences against bacteria. Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 30:349–356, 1984.
  125. Knutti B, Pycock JF, van-der-Weijden GC, et al: The influence of early post breeding uterine lavage on pregnancy rate in mares with intrauterine fluid accumulations after breeding. Equine Vet Educ 12:267–270, 2000.
  126. Troedsson MHT, Scott MA, Liu IKM: Comparative treatment of mares susceptible to chronic uterine infection. Am J Vet Res 56:468–472, 1995. PUBMED Abstract
  127. Zerbe H, Schuberth HJ, Engelke F, et al: Development and comparison of in vivo and in vitro models for endometritis in cows and mares. Theriogenology 60:209–223, 2003. PUBMED Abstract
  128. Van Dyk E, Lange AL: The detrimental effect of the use of iodine as an intra-uterine instillation in mares. J S Afr Vet Assoc 57:205–210, 1986. PUBMED Abstract
  129. Brinsko SP: How to perform uterine lavage: indications and practical techniques. Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 47:407–411, 2001.
  130. Brinsko SP, Varner DD, Blanchard TL: The effect of uterine lavage performed four hours post insemination on pregnancy rate in mares. Theriogenology 35:1111–1119, 1991.
  131. Kalpokas I, Perdigon F, Rivero R, et al: Effect of a povidone-iodine intrauterine infusion on progesterone levels and endometrial steroid receptor expression in mares. Acta Vet Scand 52:66, 2010. PUBMED Abstract
  132. Asbury AC, Lyle SK: Infectious causes of infertility. In McKinnon AO, Voss JL, editors: Equine reproduction, Malvern, PA, 1993, Lea & Febiger, pp 381–391.
  133. Jackson PS, Allen WR, Ricketts SW, et al: The irritancy of chlorhexidine gluconate in the genital tract of the mare. Vet Rec 105:22–124, 1979. PUBMED Abstract
  134. Jäger K, Gräfe H, Klug E, et al: In situ hybridisation in endometrial biopsies of horses: a diagnostic approach to bacterially induced endometritis? Pferdeheilkunde 27:214–219, 2011.
  135. Malic LI, Apetrei IC, Mares M: Fungal biofilms: survival strategies. Fungi & Mycotoxins 1:7–14, 2007.
  136. LeBlanc MM: Post-breeding endometritis in the mare: local antibiotics, uterine lavage, immunomodulators, mucolytics or ecbolic hormones? Reprod Dom Anim 44:65–66, 2009.
  137. Ley WB, Bowen JM, Sponenberg DP, et al: Dimethyl sulfoxide intrauterine therapy in the mare: effects upon endometrial histological features and biopsy classification. Theriogenology 32:263–276, 1989. PUBMED Abstract
  138. Gores-Lindholm A, Ahlschwede S, Causey R, et al: Effect of intra-uterine infusion of diluted N-acetylcysteine on equine endometrium. Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 54:326, 2009.
  139. Melkus E, Witte TS, Deichsel K, et al: Impact of N-acetylcystein on fertility of mares suffering from persistent mating induced endometritis. Pferdeheilkunde 27:701–705, 2011.
  140. Youngquist RS, Blanchard TL, Lapin D, et al: The effects of EDTA-tris infusion on the equine endometrium. Theriogenology 22:593–599, 1984. PUBMED Abstract
  141. Blanchard T, Varner DD, Schumacher J, et al: Manual of equine reproduction, St Louis, 2003, Mosby.
  142. Dascanio JJ: Antibiotics in mare reproduction. Clin Theriogenology 1:169–176, 2009.
  143. LeBlanc MM: The current status of antibiotic use in equine reproduction. Equine Vet Educ 21:156–167, 2009.
  144. Liu IK: Uterine infections in the mare. Equine Pract 11:26–32, 1989.
  145. Ricketts SW: Treatment of equine endometritis with intrauterine irrigations of ceftiofur sodium: a comparison with mares treated in a similar manner with a mixture of sodium benzylpenicillin, neomycin sulphate, polymyxin B sulphate and furaltadone hydrochloride. Pferdeheilkunde 13:486–489, 1997.
  146. Brinsko SP: Treatment of infectious infertility. In Proceedings of the Society for Theriogenology, Mare Reproduction Symposium, Kansas City, MO, 1996, pp 150–155.
  147. Troedsson MHT: Treatment strategies in mares with endometritis. In Proceedings of the Society for Theriogenology, Mare Reproduction Symposium, Kansas City, MO, 1996, pp 40–50.
  148. Fumuso E, Jaca D, Incahusti E, et al: Utilizacion de enrofloxacina por via intrauterina en el tratamiento de endometritis en yeguas: una nueva alternativa terapeutica? In Proceedings of the IX Latinoamerican Meeting of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, Tandil, Argentina, 2000, p 47.
  149. Rodriguez J, Han S, Nielsen S, et al: Consequences of intrauterine endofloxacin infusion on mare endometrium. J Equine Vet Sci 32:106–111, 2012.
  150. Fumuso E, Checura C, Losinno L, et al: Endometrial tissue concentrations of enrofloxacin after intrauterine administration to mares. Vet Res Commun 26(5):371–380, 2002. PUBMED Abstract
  151. Hess MB, Parker NA, Purswell BJ, et al: Use of lufenuron as a treatment for fungal endometritis in four mares. J Am Vet Med Assoc 221:266–267, 2002. PUBMED Abstract
  152. Brown MP, Embertson RM, Gronwall RR, et al: Amikacin sulfate in mares: pharmacokinetics and body fluid and endometrial concentrations after repeated intramuscular administration. Am J Vet Res 45:1610–1613, 1984. PUBMED Abstract
  153. Pedersoli WM, Fazeli MH, Haddad NS, et al: Endometrial and serum gentamicin concentrations in pony mares given repeated intrauterine infusions. Am J Vet Res 46:1025–1028, 1985. PUBMED Abstract
  154. Spensley MS, Baggot JD, Wilson WD, et al: Pharmacokinetics and endometrial tissue concentrations of ticarcillin given to the horse by intravenous and intrauterine routes. Am J Vet Res 47:2587–2590, 1986. PUBMED Abstract
  155. Luchsinger JH, Ricketts SW: A review of the use of ceftiofur sodium sterile powder for the treatment of equine endometritis. Equine Pract 22(4):16–19, 2000.
  156. Witte TS, Bergwerff AA, Scherpenisse P, et al: Ceftiofur derivates in serum and endometrial tissue after intramuscular administration in healthy mares. Theriogenology 74:466–472, 2010. PUBMED Abstract
  157. González C, Moreno L, Fumuso E, et al: Enrofloxacin-based therapeutic strategy for the prevention of endometritis in susceptible mares. J Vet Pharm Therap 33:287–294, 2010. PUBMED Abstract
  158. Britt B, Bryars TD: Hagyard-Davidson-McGee Formulary. Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 43:170–177, 1997.
  159. Dowling PM, Wilson RC, Tyler JW, et al: Pharmacokinetics of ciprofloxacin in ponies. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 18:7–12, 1995. PUBMED Abstract
  160. Adams AR, Haines GR, Brown MP, et al: Pharmacokinetics of difloxacin and its concentration in body fluids and endometrial tissues of mares after repeated intragastric administration. Can J Vet Res 69:229–235, 2005. PUBMED Abstract
  161. Papich MG, Van Camp SD, Cole JA, et al: Pharmacokinetics and endometrial tissue concentrations of enrofloxacin and the metabolite ciprofloxacin after IV administration of enrofloxacin to mares. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 25:343–350, 2002. PUBMED Abstract
  162. Specht TE, Brown MP, Gronwall RR, et al: Pharmacokinetics of metronidazole and its concentration in body fluids and endometrial tissues of mares. Am J Vet Res 53(10):1807–1812, 1992. PUBMED Abstract
  163. Brinsko SP: Treatment of infectious infertility. Clin Theriogenology 2:111–118, 2010.
  164. Adams GP, Ginther OJ: Efficacy of intrauterine infusion of plasma for treatment of infertility and endometritis in mares. J Am Vet Med Assoc 194:372–378, 1989. PUBMED Abstract
  165. Colbern GT, Voss JL, Squires EL, et al: Development of a model to study endometritis in mares. J Equine Vet Sci 7:73–76, 1987
  166. Mattos RC, Malschitzky E, Mattos R, et al: Effects of different postbreeding treatments on fertility of Thoroughbred mares. Pferdeheilkunde 13:512–515, 1997.
  167. Watson ED, Stokes CR: Use of hyperimmune serum in treatment of endometritis in mares. Theriogenology 30:893–899, 1988. PUBMED Abstract
  168. DeGannes RVG: Uterine infusion of colostrum in barren mares. Mod Vet Pract A2–A5, 1985.
  169. Dewes HF: Preliminary observation on the use of colostrum as an uterine infusion in Thoroughbred mares. NZ Vet J 28:7–8, 1980. PUBMED Abstract
  170. Kenney RM, Bergman RV, Cooper WL, et al: Broodmare problems and management panel: minimal contamination techniques for breeding mares: technique and preliminary findings. Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 21:327–336, 1975.
  171. Campbell MLH, England GCW: The effect of coitus and of artificial insemination on uterine contractions in mares: a review. Reprod Dom Anim 14:3–10, 2003.
  172. Stecco R, Paccamonti D, Gutjahr S, et al: Day of cycle affects changes in equine intrauterine pressure in response to teasing. Theriogenology 60(4):727–733, 2003. PUBMED Abstract
  173. LeBlanc M, Neuwirth L, Mauragis D, et al: Oxytocin enhances clearance of radiocolloid from the uterine lumen of reproductively normal mares and mares susceptible to endometritis. Equine Vet J 26:279–282, 1994. PUBMED Abstract
  174. LeBlanc MM, Neuwirth L, Asbury AC, et al: Scintigraphic measurement of uterine clearance in normal mares and mares with recurrent endometritis. Equine Vet J 26:109–113, 1994. PUBMED Abstract
  175. Rigby S, Hill J, Miller C, et al: Administration of oxytocin immediately after insemination does not improve pregnancy rates in mares bred by fertile or subfertile stallions. Theriogenology 51(6):1143–1150, 1999. PUBMED Abstract
  176. Campbell MLH, England GCW: A comparison of the ecbolic efficacy of intravenous and intrauterine oxytocin treatments. Theriogenology 58:473–477, 2002.
  177. Brendemuehl JP: Influence of cloprostenol, PGF2a and oxytocin administered in the immediate post ovulatory period on corpora luteal formation and function in the mare. In Proceedings of the Society for Theriogenology Annual Conference, San Antonio, TX, p 267, 2000.
  178. Bernhard A, Schulz J, Gutjahr S, et al: Indications for a long acting oxytocin in veterinary practice. Tierar Umsch 48:446, 449–453, 1993.
  179. Schramme AR, Pinto CRF, Davis J, et al: Pharmacokinetics of carbetocin, a long-acting oxytocin analogue, following intravenous administration in horses. Equine Vet J 40:658–661, 2008. PUBMED Abstract
  180. Samper JC: Breeding the problem mare by artificial insemination. Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 54:408–418, 2008.
  181. Brinsko SP, Varner DD, Blanchard TL, et al: The effect of postbreeding uterine lavage on pregnancy rate in mares. Theriogenology 33:465–475, 1990. PUBMED Abstract
  182. Vanderwall DK, Woods GL: Effect on fertility of uterine lavage performed immediately prior to insemination in mares. J Am Vet Med Assoc 222(8):1108–1110, 2003. PUBMED Abstract
  183. LeBlanc MM: Effects of oxytocin, prostaglandin and phenylbutazone on uterine clearance of radiocolloid. Pferdeheilkunde 13:483–485, 1997.
  184. Combs GB, LeBlanc MM, Neuwirth L, et al: Effects of prostaglandin F2a, cloprostenol and fenprostalene on uterine clearance of radiocolloid in the mare. Theriogenology 45:1449–1455, 1996.
  185. Ahmad M, Ahmad N, Mansoor MK, et al: Synergistic effect of antibiotics and oxytocin in the treatment of endometritis in mares. Pakistan Vet J 21(4):202–205, 2001.
  186. Nie GJ, Barnes A: Use of prostaglandin E1 to induce cervical relaxation in a maiden mare with post breeding endometritis. Equine Vet Educ 15:172–174, 2003.
  187. Tibary A: Failure to dilate. In McKinnon AO, Squires EL, Vaala WE, et al, editors: Equine reproduction, vol 2, Ames, IA, 2011, Wiley-Blackwell, pp 2724–2730.
  188. Volkmann DH, Bertschinger HJ, Schulman ML: The effect of prostaglandin E2 on the cervices of dioestrous and prepartum mares. Reprod Dom Anim 30:240–244, 1995.
  189. Bucca S, Carli A, Buckley T, et al: The use of dexamethasone administered to mares at breeding time in the modulation of persistent mating induced endometritis. Theriogenology 70:1093–1100, 2008. PUBMED Abstract
  190. Vandaele H, Daels P, Piepers S, et al: The effect of post-insemination dexamethasone treatment on pregnancy rates in mares. In LeBlanc MM, editor: The chronically infertile mare, Hilton Head Island, SC, 2008, The Havemeyer Foundation, pp 43–44.
  191. Ferris RA, McCue PM: The effects of dexamethasone and prednisolone on pituitary and ovarian function in the mare. Equine Vet J 42:438–443, 2010. PUBMED Abstract
  192. Bucca S, Carli A: Efficacy of human chorionic gonadotropin to induce ovulation in the mare, when associated with a single dose of dexamethasone administered at breeding time. Equine Vet J 43:32–34, 2011. PUBMED Abstract
  193. Ohman T, Klein C, Doty A, et al: The phagocytic function of blood-derived polymorphonuclear neutrophils after administration of dexamethasone for the modulation of post-breeding endometritis in the mare. Pferdeheilkunde 27:267–270, 2011.
  194. Papa FO, Dell'aqua JAJ, Alvarenga MA, et al: Use of corticosteroid therapy on the modulation of uterine inflammatory response in mares after artificial insemination with frozen semen. Pferdeheilkunde 24:79–82, 2008.
  195. Rojer H, Aurich C: Treatment of persistent mating-induced endometritis in mares with the non-steroid anti-inflammatory drug vedaprofen. Reprod Dom Anim 45:458–460, 2010. PUBMED Abstract
  196. Fumuso EA, Aguilar J, Giguere S, et al: Immune parameters in mares resistant and susceptible to persistent post-breeding endometritis: effects of immunomodulation. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 118:30–39, 2007. PUBMED Abstract
  197. Rogan D, Fumuso E, Rodríguez E, et al: Use of a mycobacterial cell wall extract (MCWE) in susceptible mares to clear experimentally induced endometritis with Streptococcus zooepidemicus. J Equine Vet Sci 27:112–117, 2007.
  198. Rohrbach BW, Sheerin PC, Cantrell CK, et al: Effect of adjunctive treatment with intravenously administered Propionibacterium acnes on reproductive performance in mares with persistent endometritis. J Am Vet Med Ass 231:107–113, 2007. PUBMED Abstract
  199. Sumeet S, Dhaliwal GS: Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide-induced immunomodulation along with oxytocin administration after mating as a treatment protocol for persistent endometritis in mares. J Equine Vet Sci 30:259–265, 2010.
  200. Liu IKM: The diagnosis, causes and treatment of persistent endometritis in the mare. Revista Brasileira de Reprodução Animal 35:256–261, 2011.
  201. Brink P, Schumacher J: Elevating the uterus (uteropexy) of five mares by laparoscopically imbricating the mesometrium. Equine Vet J 42:675–679, 2010. PUBMED Abstract
  202. González del Pino FJ: Pyometra in a mare: a case report. REDVET 10:110901, 2009.
  203. Cozens ERW: Pyometra and complete vaginal adhesion in a miniature horse. Can Vet J 50:971–972, 2009.
  204. Neuhauser S, Handler J: Beneficial effect of an indwelling foley-catheter for the treatment of chronic endometritis caused by cervical adhesions in an American Quarter Horse mare—a case report. Pferdeheilkunde 27:256–260, 2011.
  205. Freeman DE, Rötting AK, Köllman M, et al: Ovariohysterectomy in mares: 17 cases (1988-2007). Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 53:370–373, 2007.
  206. Rötting AK, Freeman DE, Doyle AJ, et al: Total and partial ovariohysterectomy in seven mares. Equine Vet J 36:29–33, 2004. PUBMED Abstract
  207. Scharner D, Grzybowski M, Brehm W: Laparoscopic ovariohysterectomy in a mare with chronic pyometra—a case report. Praktische Tierarzt 90:328–333, 2009.
  208. Dolente BD, Sullivan EK, Boston R, et al: Mares admitted to a referral hospital for postpartum emergencies:163 cases (1992-2002). J Vet Emerg Crit Care 15(3):193–200, 2005.
  209. LeBlanc MM: Common peripartum problems in the mare. J Equine Vet Sci 28:709–715, 2008.
  210. Blanchard TL, Vaala WE, Straughn AJ, et al: Septic/toxic metritis and laminitis in a postparturient mare: case report. J Equine Vet Sci 7:32–34, 1987.
  211. Frazer GS: Post partum complications in the mare. Part 2. Fetal membrane retention and conditions of the gastrointestinal tract, bladder and vagina. Equine Vet Educ 16:118–127, 2003.
  212. Perkins NR, Frazer GS: Reproductive emergencies in the mare. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 10(3):643–670, 1994. PUBMED Abstract
  213. Berthelon M: Vaginitis of pregnancy in the mare. Rev Med Vet 128(5):667–668, 1977.
  214. Dawlat A, Omran R, Essam I, et al: Abortion and stillbirth in Arabian mare: clinical, etiological and pathological studies in Arabian mare. Assist Vet Med J 47(94):279–295, 2002.
  215. McEntee M, Brown T, McEntee K: Adenomatous dysplasia of the equine allantois. Vet Pathol 25(5):387–389, 1988. PUBMED Abstract
  216. Rao MS, Ramachandra RN, Zaki S, et al: Abortions and infertility in Thoroughbred mares due to Klebsiella pneumoniae. Indian J Comp Microbiol Immunol Infect Dis 3(3):164–165, 1982.
  217. Sanousi SM, Tayeb-Amna B, Shadad EY: Bacteria isolated from uterine washings from mares in the Sudan. Equine Vet J 11(4):219–222, 1979. PUBMED Abstract
  218. Bogh IB, Brink P, Jensen HE, et al: Ovarian function and morphology in the mare after multiple follicular punctures. Equine Vet J 35:575–579, 2003. PUBMED Abstract
  219. Hawkins KL: Bilateral salpingitis, hydrosalpinx and oophoritis in a mare. Cornell Vet 76(1):38–48, 1986. PUBMED Abstract
  220. Ramirez S, Sedrish SA, Paccamonti DL, et al: Ultrasound as an aid for diagnosis of ovarian abscesses in two mares. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 40(2):165–168, 1999. PUBMED Abstract
  221. Acland HM, Kenney RM: Lesions of contagious equine metritis in mares. Vet Pathol 20(3):330–341, 1983. PUBMED Abstract
  222. Platt H: Aetiological aspects of abortion in the Thoroughbred. J Comp Pathol 83:199–205, 1973. PUBMED Abstract
  223. Platt H: Etiological aspects of perinatal mortality in the Thoroughbred. Equine Vet J 5:116–120, 1973. PUBMED Abstract
  224. Smith KC, Blunden AS, Whitwell KE, et al: A survey of equine abortion, stillbirth and neonatal death in the UK from 1988 to 1997. Equine Vet J 35(5):496–501, 2003. PUBMED Abstract
  225. Whitwell KE: Investigations into fetal and neonatal losses in the horse. Vet Clin North Am Large Anim Pract 2:313–331, 1980. PUBMED Abstract
  226. Giles RC, Donahue JM, Hong CB, et al: Causes of abortion, stillbirth and perinatal death in horses: 3527 cases (1986-1991). J Am Vet Med Assoc 203:1170–1175, 1993. PUBMED Abstract
  227. Hong CB, Donahue JM, Giles RC, et al: Equine abortion and stillbirth in central Kentucky during 1988 and 1989 foaling seasons. J Vet Diagn Invest 5(4):560–566, 1993. PUBMED Abstract
  228. Hong CB, Donahue JM, Giles RC, et al: Etiology and pathology of equine placentitis. J Vet Diagn Invest 5:56–63, 1993. PUBMED Abstract
  229. Swerczek TW: Noninfectious causes of abortion in the mare. Vet Med 86(10):1025–1029, 1991.
  230. Swerczek TW: The most common viral causes of equine abortion. Vet Med 86:1205–1208, 1991.
  231. Swerczek TW: Recognizing the common causes of equine abortion: an overview. Vet Med 86:1019–1022, 1991.
  232. Swerczek TW: Identifying the mycotic causes of abortion in mares. Vet Med 87(1):62–65, 1992.
  233. Fontaine M, Collobert-Laugier C, Tariel G: Avortements et mortinanatalité d'origine infectieuse chez la jument: étude à partir d'autopsies d'avortons, de prematures et de mort-nés. Point Vet 25(154):343–348, 1993.
  234. Laugier C, Foucher N, Sevin C, et al: A 24-year retrospective study of equine abortion in Normandy (France). J Equine Vet Sci 31:116–123, 2011.
  235. Vaissaire J, Plateau E, Colobbert-Laugier C, et al: Role of bacterial infections in infertility and abortion in the mare: three-year retrospective study. J Rech Cheval 12:151–161, 1986.
  236. Garg DN, Manchanda VP: Prevalence and aetiology of equine abortion. Indian J Anim Sci 56(7):730–735, 1986.
  237. Begg AP: Post mortem investigation of equine abortion and stillbirth. In Proceedings of the 33rd Bain Fallon Memorial Lectures: medicine, pathology, diagnostic imaging, surgery, lameness, Alice Springs, Northern Territory, Australia, July 11-15, 2011, pp 166–118.
  238. Platt H: Infections of the horse fetus. J Reprod Fertil Suppl 23:605–610, 1975. PUBMED Abstract
  239. Whitwell KE: Equine placental pathology: the Newmarket perspective. In Proceedings of a workshop on the equine placenta, University of Kentucky, Agriculture Experiment Station, 2003, pp 84–87.
  240. Williams NM, Donahue JM, Bolin DC, et al: Equine placental pathology: the common and the not so common. Havemeyer Foundation Monograph Series 2008, No 19, pp 23–26.
  241. Zent WW, Williams NM, Donahue JM: Placentitis in central Kentucky broodmares. Pferdeheilkunde 15(6):630–632, 1999.
  242. Prickett ME: Abortion and placental lesions in the mare. J Am Vet Med Assoc 157:1465–1470, 1970. PUBMED Abstract
  243. Mahaffey LW, Asdam NM: Abortion associated with mycotic lesions of the placenta in mares. J Am Vet Med Assoc 144:24–32, 1964. PUBMED Abstract
  244. Hinrichs K, Cummings MR, Sertich PL, et al: Clinical significance or aerobic bacterial flora of the uterus, vagina, vestibule and clitoral fossa of clinically normal mares. J Am Vet Med Assoc 193:72–75, 1988.
  245. Ricketts S: Bacteriological examinations of the mare's cervix: techniques and interpretation of results. Vet Rec 108(3):46–51, 1981. PUBMED Abstract
  246. Cline JM, Schlafer DW, Callihan DR, et al: Abortion and granulomatous colitis due to Mycobacterium avium complex infection in a horse. Vet Pathol 28:89–91, 1991. PUBMED Abstract
  247. Webb RF, Cockram FA, Pryde L: The isolation of Actinobacillus equuli from equine abortion. Aust Vet J 52(2):100–101, 1976. PUBMED Abstract
  248. Poonacha KB, Donahue JM: Abortion in a mare associated with Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis infection. J Vet Diagn Invest 7(4):563–564, 1995. PUBMED Abstract
  249. Bemis DA, Bryant MJ, Kania SA, et al: Isolation of Arcanobacterium hippocoleae from a case of placentitis and stillbirth in a mare. J Vet Diag Inv 20:688–691, 2008. PUBMED Abstract
  250. Sebastian MM, Giles RC, Donahu JM, et al: Dermatophilus congolensis-associated placentitis, funisitis and abortion in a horse. Trans Emerg Dis 55:183–185, 2008. PUBMED Abstract
  251. Blanco Loizeiler A, Marcotegui Jaso MA, Delgado Casado I: Clamidiosis equina (aborto y poliartitis clamidial en equinos). Anal Inst Nacl Invest Agrar Hig Said Anim Spain 3:105–103, 1976.
  252. Whitwell KE: Infective placentitis in the mare. In Powell DG, editor: Equine infectious diseases, Lexington, 1988, University Press of Kentucky, pp 172–180.
  253. Driemeier D, Finger GP, Rocha AL, et al: Aborto e placentite micotica por Aspergillus fumigatus em uma egua. Cienc Rural 28(2):321–324, 1998.
  254. Plagemann O, Weber A, Singer H: Aspergillus fumigatus Fresenius als abortusursache bei zwei Vollblutpferden. Tierarztl Umsch 47(12):881–882, 1992.
  255. Saunders JR, Matthiesen RJ, Kaplan W: Abortion due to histoplasmosis in a mare. J Am Vet Med Assoc 183(10):1097–1099, 1983. PUBMED Abstract
  256. Swerczek TW: Equine abortion caused by Histoplasma capsulatum. In Kirkbride CA, editor: Laboratory diagnosis of livestock abortion, ed 3, Ames, IA, 1990, Iowa State University Press, pp 246–250.
  257. Sikdar A, Singh G, Banerjee MC, et al: Isolation of Candida pseudotropicalis from cases of abortion among mares: a note. Indian J Anim Sci 42(9):737–738, 1972. PUBMED Abstract
  258. Langham RF, Beneke ES, Whitenack DL: Abortion in a mare due to coccidioidomycosis. J Am Vet Med Assoc 170(2):178–180, 1977. PUBMED Abstract
  259. Maleski K, Magdesian KG, LaFranco-Scheuch L, et al: Pulmonary coccidioidomycosis in a neonatal foal. Vet Rec 151(17):505–508, 2002. PUBMED Abstract
  260. Stoltz JH, Johnson BJ, Walker RL, et al: Coccidioides immitis abortion in an Arabian mare. Vet Pathol 31(2):258–259, 1994. PUBMED Abstract
  261. Blanchard PC, Filkins M: Cryptococcal pneumonia and abortion in an equine fetus. J Am Vet Med Assoc 201(10):1591–1592, 1992. PUBMED Abstract
  262. Ryan MJ, Wyand DS: Cryptococcus as a cause of neonatal pneumonia and abortion in two horses. Vet Pathol 18(2):270–272, 1981. PUBMED Abstract
  263. Rezabek GB, Donahue JM, Giles RC, et al: Histoplasmosis in horses. J Comp Pathol 109(1):47–55, 1993. PUBMED Abstract
  264. Donahue JM, Smith BJ, Redmon KJ, et al: Diagnosis and prevalence of leptospira infection in aborted and stillborn horses. J Vet Diagn Invest 3:148–151, 1991. PUBMED Abstract
  265. Donahue JM, Smith BJ, Poonacha KB, et al: Prevalence and serovars of Leptospira involved in equine abortions in central Kentucky during the 1991-1993 foaling seasons. J Vet Diagn Invest 7(1):87–91, 1995. PUBMED Abstract
  266. Szeredi L, Haake DA: Immunohistochemical identification and pathologic findings in natural cases of equine abortion caused by leptospiral infection. Vet Pathol 43:755–761, 2006. PUBMED Abstract
  267. Venkataraman KS, Manickam R: A report on leptospiral abortion in a mare. Indian J Anim Reprod 19(2):153, 1998.
  268. Whitwell KE, Blunden AS, Miller J, et al: Two cases of equine pregnancy loss associated with Leptospira infection in England. Vet Rec 165:377–378, 2009. PUBMED Abstract
  269. Kinde H, Hietala SK, Bolin CA, et al: Leptospiral abortion in horses following a flooding incident. Equine Vet J 28(4):327–330, 1996. PUBMED Abstract
  270. Timoney JF, Kalimuthusamy N, Velineni S, et al: A unique genotype of Leptospira interrogans serovar Pomona type kennewicki is associated with equine abortion. Vet Microb 150:349–353, 2011. PUBMED Abstract
  271. Pinna M, Martins G, Freire I, et al: Seropositivity to Leptospira interrogans serovar Bratislava associated to reproductive problems without significant biochemical or hematological alterations in horses. Ciência Rural 40:2214–2217, 2010.
  272. Pinna MH, Varges R, Lilenbaum W: Application of an integrated program of leptospirosis control in horses from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Ciência Veterinária 15:63–66, 2008.
  273. Sebastian M, Giles R, Roberts J, et al: Funisitis associated with leptospiral abortion in an equine placenta. Vet Pathol 42:659–662, 2005. PUBMED Abstract
  274. Bernard WV, Bolin C, Riddle T, et al: Leptospiral abortion and leptospiruria in horses from the same farm. J Am Vet Med Assoc 202(8):1285–1286, 1993. PUBMED Abstract
  275. Donahue JM, Smith BJ, Donahoe JK, et al: Prevalence and serovars of Leptospira involved in equine abortions in central Kentucky during the 1990 foaling season. J Vet Diagn Invest 4(3):279–284, 1992. PUBMED Abstract
  276. Poonacha KB, Donahue JM, Giles RC, et al: Leptospirosis in equine fetuses, stillborn foals, and placentas. Vet Pathol 30(4):362–369, 1993. PUBMED Abstract
  277. Poonacha KB, Donahue JM, Smith BJ, et al: The role of Leptospira interrogans serovar pomona type kennewicki as a cause of abortion and stillbirth in mares, In Equine Infectious Diseases VII: Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference, Tokyo, 1994.
  278. Shapiro JL, Prescott JF, Henry G: Equine abortions in eastern Ontario due to leptospirosis. Can Vet J 40(5):350–351, 1999. PUBMED Abstract
  279. Sheoran AS, Nally JE, Donahue JM, et al: Antibody isotypes in sera of equine fetuses aborted due to Leptospira interrogans serovar pomona-type kennewicki infection. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 77(3/4):301–309, 2000. PUBMED Abstract
  280. Swerczek TW, Poonacha KB: Leptospiral abortion in the mare. In Kirkbride CA, editor: Laboratory diagnosis of livestock abortion, ed 3, Ames, IA, 1990, Iowa State University Press, pp 240–242.
  281. Wolfsdorf K, Macpherson M: Common causes of abortion. Clin Theriogenology 2:332–337, 2010.
  282. Genovez ME, Scarcelli E, Piatti RM, et al: Leptospira spp. detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in thoroughbred equine semen—case report: Arquivos do. Instituto Biológico (São Paulo) 71:546–548, 2004.
  283. Donahue JM, Williams NM: Emergent causes of placentitis and abortion. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 16:443–456, 2000. PUBMED Abstract
  284. Christensen BW, Roberts JF, Pozor MA, et al: Nocardioform placentitis with isolation of Amycolatopsis spp. in a Florida-bred mare. J Am Vet Med Assoc 228:1234–1239, 2006. PUBMED Abstract
  285. Volkmann DH, Williams JH, Henton MM, et al: The first reported case of equine nocardioform placentitis in South Africa. J S Afr Vet Assoc 72(4):235–238, 2001. PUBMED Abstract
  286. Cattoli G, Vascellari M, Corr M, et al: First case of equine nocardioform placentitis caused by Crossiella equi in Europe. Vet Rec 154(23):730–732, 2004. PUBMED Abstract
  287. Bolon B, Buergelt CD, Cooley AJ: Abortion in two foals associated with Nocardia infection. Vet Pathol 26:277–278, 1989. PUBMED Abstract
  288. Edwards JF, Simpson RB: Crossiella equi sp. nov, isolated from equine placentas. Int J Syst Evolut Microbiol 52:2169–2173, 2002.
  289. Donahue JM, Williams NM, Sells SF, et al: Crossiella equi sp. nov., isolated from equine placentas. Int J Syst Evolut Microbiol 52:2169–2173, 2002. PUBMED Abstract
  290. Bolin DC, Donahue JM, Vickers ML, et al: Equine abortion and premature birth associated with Cellulosimicrobium cellulans infection. J Vet Diagn Invest 16:333–336, 2004. PUBMED Abstract
  291. LeBlanc MM: Ascending placentitis in the mare: an update. Reprod Dom Anim 45:28–34, 2010. PUBMED Abstract
  292. LeBlanc MM, MacPherson M, Sheerin P: Ascending placentitis: what we know about pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment. Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 50:127–143, 2004.
  293. LeBlanc MM, Mays MB, Sheerin BR, et al: Route of fetal infection in a model of ascending placentitis in the mare. Pferdeheilkunde 17(6):689–689, 2001.
  294. LeBlanc MM, Lester GD, Hansen PJ, et al: Findings of a model of chronic ascending placentitis in the mare. Havemeyer Foundation Monograph Series 2008, No 19, p 12.
  295. Macpherson ML: Treatment strategies for mares with placentitis. Theriogenology 64(3):528–534, 2005. PUBMED Abstract
  296. McGlothlin JA, Lester GD, Hansen PJ, et al: Alteration in uterine contractility in mares with experimentally induced placentitis. Reproduction 127(1):57–66, 2004. PUBMED Abstract
  297. Stawicki RJ, Ruebel H, Hansen PJ, et al: Endocrinological findings in an experimental model of ascending placentitis in the mare. Theriogenology 58(2-4):849–852, 2002.
  298. Lyle SK, Gentry LR, Horohov DW, et al: Preliminary evidence of fetal cortisol production in response to inflammation in a model of equine placentitis. Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 55:264–265, 2009.
  299. LeBlanc MM, Giguere S, Brauer K: Premature delivery in ascending placentitis is associated with increased expression of placental cytokines and allantoic fluid prostaglandins E2 and F2 alpha. Theriogenology 58:841–844, 2002.
  300. Ousey JC: Peripartal endocrinology in the mare and foetus. Reprod Dom Anim 39(4):222–231, 2004. PUBMED Abstract
  301. Ousey JC, Fowden AL, Rossdale PD, et al: Plasma progestogens as markers of feto-placental health. Pferdeheilkunde 17(6):574–578, 2001.
  302. Bucca S, Fogarty U, Collins A, et al: Assessment of feto-placental well-being in the mare from mid-gestation to term: transrectal and transabdominal ultrasonographic features. Theriogenology 64:542–557, 2005. PUBMED Abstract
  303. Macpherson ML, Bailey CS: A clinical approach to managing the mare with placentitis. Theriogenology 70:435–440, 2008. PUBMED Abstract
  304. Troedsson MHT, Zent WW: Clinical ultrasonographic evaluation of the equine placenta as a method to successfully identify and treat mares with placentitis. In Proceedings of a workshop on the equine placenta, University of Kentucky, 2003, Agriculture Experiment Station, pp 66–67.
  305. Kelleman AA, Luznar SL, Lester GD, et al: Evaluation of transrectal ultrasonographic combined thickness of the uterus and placenta (CTUP) in a model of induced ascending placentitis in late gestation in the pony mare. Theriogenology 58(2-4):845–848, 2002.
  306. Renaudin CD, Gillis CL, Tarantal AF: Transabdominal ultrasonographic determination of fetal gender in the horse during mid-gestation. Equine Vet J 31(6):483–487, 1999. PUBMED Abstract
  307. Renaudin CD, Gillis CL, Tarantal AF, et al: Evaluation of equine fetal growth from day 100 of gestation to parturition by ultrasonography. J Reprod Fertil Suppl 56:651–660, 2000. PUBMED Abstract
  308. Renaudin CD, Troedsson MHT, Gillis CL, et al: Ultrasonographic evaluation of the equine placenta by transrectal and transabdominal approach in the normal pregnant mare. Theriogenology 47(2):559–573, 1997. PUBMED Abstract
  309. Troedsson MHT: Diagnostics and management of mares with placentitis. Ippologia 11(3):45–48, 2000.
  310. Troedsson MHT: Ultrasonographic evaluation of the equine placenta. Pferdeheilkunde 17:583–588, 2001.
  311. Troedsson MHT, Sage AM: Fetal/placental evaluation in the mare. In Ball B, editor: Recent advances in equine reproduction, Ithaca, NY, 2001, International Veterinary Information Service.
  312. Barnes M, Fite C, Tibary A: Trans-rectal ultrasonographic evaluation of the placenta in Arabian and pony mares in mid-to-late gestation. Theriogenology 64:787, 2005.
  313. Colón JL: Trans-rectal ultrasonographic appearance of abnormal combined utero-placental thickness in late-term gestation and its incidence during routine survey in a population of Thoroughbred mares (2005-2008). Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 54:279–285, 2008.
  314. Reef VB, Vaala WE, Worth LT, et al: Ultrasonographic assessment of fetal well-being during late gestation: development of an equine biophysical profile. Equine Vet J 28:200–208, 1996.
  315. Tibary A, Fite C, Sghiri A, et al: Pregnancy complication and evaluation for fetal well-being. Proceeding of the 9th WEVA, January 22-26, 2006, Marrakech, Morocco, pp 196–206.
  316. Ousey JC, Rossdale PD, Houghton E, et al: The effects placental pathology on equine fetal organ development and metabolism of progestogens. In Proceedings of a workshop on the equine placenta, University of Kentucky, 2003, Agriculture Experiment Station, pp 76–81.
  317. Morris S, Kelleman AA, Stawicki RJ, et al: Transrectal ultrasonography and plasma progestin profiles identifies feto-placental compromise in mares with experimentally induced placentitis. Theriogenology 67:681–691, 2007. PUBMED Abstract
  318. Douglas R: Endocrine diagnostics in the broodmare: what you need to know. Proceeding of the Annual meeting of the Society for Theriogenology, Lexington, KY, 2004, pp 106–115.
  319. Bailey CS, Macpherson ML, Pozor MA, et al: Treatment efficacy of trimethoprim sulfamethoxazole, pentoxifylline and altrenogest in experimentally induced equine placentitis. Theriogenology 74:402–412, 2010. PUBMED Abstract
  320. Macpherson ML, Bailey CS: Treating the mare with placentitis: a clinical approach. J Equine Vet Sci 28:703–708, 2008.
  321. Santschi EM, Papich MG: Pharmacokinetics of gentamicin in mares in late pregnancy and early lactation. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 23:359–363, 2000. PUBMED Abstract
  322. Sertich PL, Vaala WE: Concentrations of antibiotics in mares, foals and fetal fluids after antibiotic administration in late pregnancy. Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 38:727–736, 1992.
  323. Rebello S, Macpherson ML, Murchie T, et al: Placental penetration of trimethoprim sulfamethoxazole and pentoxifylline in mares with placentitis. Havemeyer Foundation Monograph Series 2008, No 19, p 34.
  324. Murchie TA, Macpherson ML, LeBlanc MM: A microdialysis model to detect drugs in the allantoic fluid of pregnant pony mares. Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 49:118–119, 2003.
  325. Barr BS: The outcome of foals born to mares treated for placentitis. Havemeyer Foundation Monograph Series 2008, No 19, pp 49–50.
  326. Carrick JB, Axon JE, Collins N: The association of placentitis with clinical signs at admission, diagnosis and outcome of foals admitted to an equine neonatal intensive care unit. Proceedings of the 32nd Bain Fallon Memorial Lectures: Reproduction, surgery, critical care, lameness, Lovedale, New South Wales, Australia, 12-16 July 2010, p 378.
  327. Palmer JE, Sertich PL, Cornman BI, et al: Placentitis associated neonatal problems and the effect of therapeutic interventions. Havemeyer Foundation Monograph Series 2008, No 19, p 45.
  328. Oulton RA, Fallon LH, Meyers H, et al: Observation of the foal in data from two central Kentucky thoroughbred breeding operations during the spring of 2003. In Proceedings of a workshop on the equine placenta, University of Kentucky, 2003, Agriculture Experiment Station, pp 68–71.
  329. Schlafer DW: Postmortem examination of the equine placenta, fetus, and neonate: methods and interpretation of findings. Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 50:144–161, 2004.
  330. Whitehead AE, Foster R, Chenier T: Placental characteristics of standardbred mares. In Proceedings of a workshop on the equine placenta, University of Kentucky, 2003, Agriculture Experiment Station, pp 71–76.
  331. Williams NM, Donahue JM, Bolin DC, et al: Equine placental pathology: the Newmarket perspective. In Proceedings of a workshop on the equine placenta, University of Kentucky, 2003, Agriculture Experiment Station, pp 88–92.
  332. Allen GP: Epidemic disease caused by equine herpesvirus-1: recommendations for prevention and control. Equine Vet Educ 14(3):136–142, 2002.
  333. Barrandeguy ME, Lascombes F, Llorente J, et al: High case-rate equine herpesvirus-1 abortion outbreak in vaccinated polo mares in Argentina. Equine Vet Educ 14(3):132–135, 2002.
  334. Dunn KA, Smith KC, Blunden AS, et al: EHV-1 infection in twin equine fetuses. Vet Rec 133(23):580, 1993. PUBMED Abstract
  335. Patel JR, Heldens J: Equine herpesviruses 1 (EHV-1) and 4 (EHV-4)—epidemiology, disease and immunoprophylaxis: a brief review. Vet J 170:14–23, 2005. PUBMED Abstract
  336. Heinemann MB, Cortez A, Souza MC, et al: Seroprevalence of equine infectious anaemia, equine viral arteritis and equine viral abortion in Uruara municipality, Para state. Brazil. Brazil J Vet Res Anim Sci 39(1/6):50–53, 2002.
  337. Irwin VL, Traub-Dargatz JL, Newton JR, et al: Investigation and management of an outbreak of abortion related to equine herpesvirus type 1 in unvaccinated ponies. Vet Rec 160:378–380, 2007. PUBMED Abstract
  338. Meulen KM, Nauwynck HJ, Pensaert MB: Abortion, neonatal death and nervous system disorders diagnosed as equine herpesvirus 1 infections in Belgium in 1999. Vlaam Diergeneesk Tijdschr 69(1):38–41, 2000.
  339. VanMaanen C, Willink DL, Smeenk LA, et al: An equine herpesvirus 1 (EHV1) abortion storm at a riding school. Vet Q 22 (2):83–87, 2000. PUBMED Abstract
  340. Whitwell KE, Smith KC, Sinclair R, et al: Fetal lesions in spontaneous EHV-4 abortion in mares. In Nakajima H, Plowright W, editors: Proceedings of Equine Infectious Diseases VII, Newmarket, UK, 1994, R&W Publications, p 354.
  341. Fritsche AK, Borchers K: Detection of neuropathogenic strains of equid herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) associated with abortions in Germany. Vet Mic 147:176–180, 2011. PUBMED Abstract
  342. Pronost S, Léon A, Legrand L, et al: Neuropathogenic and non-neuropathogenic variants of equine herpesvirus 1 in France. Vet Mic 145:329–333, 2010. PUBMED Abstract
  343. Léon A, Fortier G, Fortier C, et al: Detection of equine herpesviruses in aborted foetuses by consensus PCR. Vet Microbiol 126:20–29, 2008. PUBMED Abstract
  344. Blunden AS, Smith KC, Binns MM, et al: Replication of equid herpesvirus 4 in endothelial cells and synovia from a field case of viral pneumonia and synovitis in a foal. J Comp Pathol 112:133–140, 1995. PUBMED Abstract
  345. Bosschere H, Roels S, Caij A, et al: Hemothorax due to vascular necrosis of the vena cava caudalis in an aborted foal infected with equine herpesvirus 1. Vlaam Diergeneesk Tijdschr 74(1B):91–93, 2005.
  346. Smith KC, Whitwell KE, Binns MM, et al: Abortion of virologically negative fetuses following experimental challenge of pregnant pony mares with equid herpesvirus 1. Equine Vet J 24:256–259, 1992. PUBMED Abstract
  347. Smith KC, Whitwell KE, Mumford JA, et al: An immunohistological study of the uterus of mares following experimental infection by equid herpesvirus 1. Equine Vet J 25(1):36–40, 1993. PUBMED Abstract
  348. Smith KC, Borchers K: A study of the pathogenesis of equid herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1) abortion by DNA in-situ hybridization. J Comp Pathol 125(4):304–310, 2001. PUBMED Abstract
  349. Allen GP: Equine rhinopneumonitis. In Truszczynch M, Pearson JE, Edwards S, et al, editors: OIE manual of standards for diagnostic tests and vaccines, ed 4, Paris, 2000, OIE Press, pp 567–575.
  350. Lawrence GL, Gilkerson J, Love DN, et al: Rapid, single-step differentiation of equid herpesviruses 1 and 4 from clinical material using the polymerase chain reaction and virus-specific primers. J Virol Meth 47(1/2):59–72, 1994. PUBMED Abstract
  351. Schroer U, Lange A, Glatzel P, et al: Die Bedeutung der Infektion mit dem equinen Herpesvirus Typ 1 (EHV-1) in einem deutschen Vollblutgestut: Impfung, Abortgeschehen und Diagnostik. Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr 113(2):53–59, 2000.
  352. Kydd JH, Wattrang E, Hannant D: Pre-infection frequencies of equine herpesvirus-1 specific, cytotoxic T lymphocytes correlate with protection against abortion following experimental infection of pregnant mares. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 96(3/4):207–217, 2003. PUBMED Abstract
  353. Foote CE, Love DN, Gilkerson JR, et al: Serological responses of mares and weanlings following vaccination with an inactivated whole virus equine herpesvirus 1 and equine herpesvirus 4 vaccine. Vet Microbiol 88(1):13–25, 2002. PUBMED Abstract
  354. Patel JR, Bateman H, Williams J, et al: Derivation and characterisation of a live equid herpes virus-1 (EHV-1) vaccine to protect against abortion and respiratory disease due to EHV-1. Vet Microbiol 91(1):23–39, 2003. PUBMED Abstract
  355. Coignoul FL, Cheville NF: Pathology of maternal genital tract, placenta, and fetus in equine viral arteritis. Vet Pathol 21(3):333–340, 1984. PUBMED Abstract
  356. Cole JR, Hall RF, Gosser HS, et al: Transmissibility and abortogenic effect of equine viral arteritis in mares. J Am Vet Med Assoc 189:69–771, 1986. PUBMED Abstract
  357. Del Piero F: Equine viral arteritis. Vet Pathol 37:287–296, 2000. PUBMED Abstract
  358. Eichhorn W, Heilmann M, Kaaden OR: Equine viral arteritis with abortions: serological and virological evidence in Germany. Zentrablatt Vet Reihe B 42(9):573–576, 1995. PUBMED Abstract
  359. Holyoak GR, Balasuriya UBR, Broaddus CC, et al: Equine viral arteritis: current status and prevention. Theriogenology 70:403–414, 2008. PUBMED Abstract
  360. Hörügel U, Dietz U, Muluneh A, et al: Outbreak of equine virus arteritis (EVA) on two stud farms in Saxonia—a case report. Praktische Tierarzt 89:484–491, 2008.
  361. Johnson B, Baldwin C, Timoney P, et al: Arteritis in equine fetuses aborted due to equine viral arteritis. Vet Pathol 28(3):248–250, 1991. PUBMED Abstract
  362. Nowotny N, Burki F: Abortion caused by equine arteritis virus in three mares of different breeds, verified by isolating virus from the fetuses. Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr 105(6):183–187, 1992.
  363. Szeredi L, Hotzel H, Sachse K: High prevalence of chlamydial (Chlamydophila psittaci) infection in fetal membranes of aborted equine fetuses. Vet Res Commun 29(suppl. 1):37–49, 2005. PUBMED Abstract
  364. Timoney PJ, McCollum WH: Equine viral arteritis. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 9:295–309, 1993. PUBMED Abstract
  365. Golnik W: Viruses isolated from aborted foetuses and stillborn foals. In Plowright HW, Rossdale PD, Wade JF, editors: Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on equine infectious diseases, Newmarket, UK, 1992, R&W Publications, p 314.
  366. Glaser AL, Chimside ED, Horzinek MC, et al: Equine viral arteritis. Theriogenology 47:1275–1295, 1997. PUBMED Abstract
  367. Horner G: Equine viral arteritis control scheme: a brief review with emphasis on laboratory aspects of the scheme in New Zealand, NZ. Vet J 52(2):82–84, 2004. PUBMED Abstract
  368. Szeredi L: Abortion in mare, caused by equine herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1): pathomechanism, macroscopic and microscopic changes and results of immunohistochemical examinations. Literature review. Magy Allatorv Lapja 126(5):259–268, 2004.
  369. Duthie S, Mills H, Burr P: The efficacy of a commercial ELISA as an alternative to virus neutralisation test for the detection of antibodies to EAV. Equine Vet J 40:182–183, 2008. PUBMED Abstract
  370. Bell SA, Balasuriya UBR, MacLachlan NJ: Equine viral arteritis. Clin Tech Equine Pract 5:233–238, 2006. PUBMED Abstract
  371. Miszczak F, Legrand L, Balasuriya UBR, et al: Emergence of novel equine arteritis virus (EAV) variants during persistent infection in the stallion: origin of the 2007 French EAV outbreak was linked to an EAV strain present in the semen of a persistently infected carrier stallion. Virology 423:165–174, 2012. PUBMED Abstract
  372. Zhang JQ, Timoney PJ, Shuck KM, et al: Molecular epidemiology and genetic characterization of equine arteritis virus isolates associated with the 2006-2007 multi-state disease occurrence in the USA. J Gen Virol 91:2286–2301, 2010. PUBMED Abstract
  373. Broaddus CC, Balasuriya UBR, Timoney PJ, et al: Infection of embryos following insemination of donor mares with equine arteritis virus infective semen. Theriogenology 76:47–60, 2011. PUBMED Abstract
  374. Morrell JM, Geraghty RM: Effective removal of equine arteritis virus from stallion semen. Equine Vet J 38:224–229, 2006. PUBMED Abstract
  375. Sordyl B: Epidemiology of equine arteritis virus infections in stallions. Trials of decontamination of stallion sperm from EA Virus. Acta Scientiarum Polonorum—Medicina Veterinaria 4:15–26, 2005.
  376. Broaddus CC, Balasuriya UBR, White JLR, et al: Evaluation of the safety of vaccinating mares against equine viral arteritis during mid or late gestation or during the immediate postpartum period. J Am Vet Med Ass 238:741–750, 2011. PUBMED Abstract
  377. Silva R, Arosemena NA, Herrera HM, et al: Outbreak of trypanosomosis due to Trypanosoma evansi in horses of Pantanal Mato-Grossense, Brazil. Vet Parasitol 60(1-2):167–171, 1995. PUBMED Abstract
  378. Ashenafi H, Getachew A, Büscher P, et al: Serological and parasitological survey of dourine in the Arsi-Bale highlands of Ethiopia. Trop Anim Health and Prod 42:769–776, 2010. PUBMED Abstract
  379. Clausen PH, Chuluun S, Sodnomdarjaa R, et al: A field study to estimate the prevalence of Trypanosoma equiperdum in Mongolian horses. Vet Parasitol 115:9–18, 2003. PUBMED Abstract
  380. Correa WM, Correa CNM, Fanton EB: Aborto por babesiose fetal em equino, Arquiv Escol Vet Universid Fed Minas Gerais 30(3):303–305, 1978.
  381. Lewis BD, Penzhorn BL, Volkmann DH: Could treatment of pregnant mares prevent abortions due to equine piroplasmosis? J S Afr Vet Assoc 70(2):90–91, 1999. PUBMED Abstract
  382. Pitel PH, Romand S, Pronost S, et al: Investigation of Neospora spp. antibodies in aborted mares from Normandy, France. Vet Parasitol 118(1-2):1–6, 2003. PUBMED Abstract
  383. Allsopp MTEP, Lewis BD, Penzhorn BL: Molecular evidence for transplacental transmission of Theileria equi from carrier mares to their apparently healthy foals. Vet Parasitology 148:130–136, 2007. PUBMED Abstract
  384. Phipps LP, Otter A: Transplacental transmission of Theileria equi in two foals born and reared in the United Kingdom. Vet Rec 154:406–408, 2004. PUBMED Abstract
  385. Léon A, Laugier C, Pronost S, et al: Infectious abortion in mares: characterisation of new pathogenic agents. Prat Vet Equ 41:33–36, 2009.
  386. Pronost S, Pitel PH, Romand S, et al: Neospora caninum: première mise en èvidence en France sur un avorton équin analyses et perspectives. Prat Vet Equine 31:111–114, 1999.
  387. McDole MG, Gay JM: Seroprevalence of antibodies against Neospora caninum in diagnostic equine serum samples and their possible association with fetal loss. Vet Parasitol 105:257–260, 2002. PUBMED Abstract
  388. Villalobos EMC, Ueno TEH, Souza SLPd, et al: Association between the presence of serum antibodies against Neospora spp. and fetal loss in equines. Vet Parasitol 142:372–375, 2006.
  389. Pitel PH, Pronost S, Romand S, et al: Prevalence of antibodies to Neospora caninum in horses in France. Equine Vet J 33:205–207, 2001. PUBMED Abstract
  390. Medenbach K, Aupperle H, Schoon D, et al: Pathology of the equine salpinx. Pferdeheilkunde 15:560–567, 1999.
  391. Herfen K, Jager C, Wehrend A: Genital chlamydial infection in mares and their clinical significance. Reprod Dom Anim 34:20, 1999.
  392. Wittenbrink MM: Aetiological significance of chlamydial infections in equine reproductive disorders. Pferdeheilkunde 15(6):538–541, 1999.
  393. Veznik Z, Pospisil L, Svecova D, et al: Chlamydiae in reproductive disorders and pathology of reproductive organs in man and animals. Reprod Dom Anim 31:595–600, 1996.
  394. Glavits R, Molnar T, Rady M: Chlamydia-induced abortion in a horse. Acta Vet Hungar 34:55–56, 1988. PUBMED Abstract
  395. Henning K, Sachse K, Sting R: Isolation of Chlamydia from an aborted equine fetus. Deutsch Tierarztl Wochensch 107(2):49–52, 2000.
  396. Lehmann C, Elze K: Keimspektrum infektios bedingter Aborte bei Pferd, Rind, Schwein und Schaf von 1983 bis 1993 in Nordwest- und Mittelthuringen. Tierarztlich Umsch 52(9):495–505, 1997.
  397. Dilbeck PM, Evermann JF, Kraft S, et al: Equine chlamydial infections: comparative diagnostic aspects with bovine and ovine chlamydiosis. In Proceedings of the 28th Annual Meeting of the American Association of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosticians, 1985, pp 285–298.
  398. Rajinder K, Mandeep S, Vipin K, et al: Observations on chlamydiosis and brucellosis in Spiti ponies of Himachal Pradesh. Centaur 23:70–71, 2007.
  399. Tortschanoff M, Aurich C, Rosengarten R, et al: Phase and size variable surface-exposed proteins in equine genital mycoplasmas. Vet Microbiol 110:301–306, 2005. PUBMED Abstract
  400. Langford EV: Isolation of Mycoplasma bovigenitalium from an aborted equine foetus. Vet Rec 94(23):528, 1974. PUBMED Abstract
  401. Akiba M, Uchida I, Nishimori K, et al: Comparison of Salmonella enterica serovar abortus equi isolates of equine origin by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and fluorescent amplified-fragment length polymorphism fingerprinting. Vet Microbiol 92(4):379–388, 2003. PUBMED Abstract
  402. Hofer E, Berghold C, Sick K: Salmonella enterica subsp enterica serovar abortus equi infections in Equidae in Austria. Wien Tierarzl Monatsschr 91(11):292–296, 2004.
  403. Kuka A: Data on the diagnosis of salmonella abortion in mares. Bulet Shkenc Zootek Vet 7(1):57–63, 1989.
  404. Madic J, Hajsig D, Sostaric B, et al: An outbreak of abortion in mares associated with Salmonella abortus equi infection. Equine Vet J 29(3):230–233, 1997. PUBMED Abstract
  405. Cvetnic Z, Spicic S, Curic S, et al: Isolation of Brucella suis biovar 3 from horses in Croatia. Vet Rec 156:581–585, 2005. PUBMED Abstract
  406. Power EP, Sheehan PT: Isolation of Brucella abortus and Streptococcus zooepidemicus from an aborted equine fetus. Irish Vet J 45(9-12):183–184, 1992.
  407. Robertson FJ, Milne J, Silver CL, et al: Abortion associated with Brucella abortus (biotype 1) in the T.B. mare. Vet Rec 480–481, 1973. PUBMED Abstract
  408. Cook DR, Kingston GC: Isolation of Brucella suis biotype 1 from a horse. Aust Vet J 65(5):162–163, 1988. PUBMED Abstract
  409. Coffman EA, Abd-Eldaim M, Craig LE: Abortion in a horse following Neorickettsia risticii infection. J Vet Diagn Invest 20:827–830, 2008. PUBMED Abstract
  410. Dawson JE, Ristic M, Holland CJ, et al: Isolation of Ehrlichia risticii, the causative agent of Potomac horse fever, from the fetus of an experimentally infected mare. Vet Rec 121(10):232, 1987. PUBMED Abstract
  411. Dawson JE, Ristic M, Holland CJ, et al: Isolation of Ehrlichia risticii from the fetus of a mare with Potomac horse fever. In Equine infectious diseases V: Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference, pp 214–216, 1988.
  412. Long MT, Goetz TE, Kakoma I: Preliminary investigations of the fetal infectivity of Ehrlichia risticii in broodmares. J Vet Intern Med 6(2):136, 1992.
  413. Long MT, Goetz TE, Whiteley HE, et al: Identification of Ehrlichia risticii as the causative agent of two equine abortions following natural maternal infection. J Vet Diagn Invest 7(2):201–205, 1995. PUBMED Abstract
  414. Long MT, Goetz TE, Kakoma I, et al: Isolation of Ehrlichia risticii from the aborted fetus of an infected mare. Vet Rec 131(16):370, 1992. PUBMED Abstract
  415. Madigan J, Pusterla N: Life cycle of Potomac Horse Fever—implications for diagnosis, treatment, and control: a review. Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 51:158–162, 2005.
  416. Forga-Martel J, Gonzalez-Valle F, Weinzieri J: Infectious abortion associated with Aeromonas hydrophila in a mare. Equine Pract 22(4):22–24, 2000.
  417. Singh BR, Gulati BR, Nitin V, et al: Outbreak of abortions and infertility in thoroughbred mares associated with waterborne Aeromonas hydrophila. Indian J Microbiol 51:212–216, 2011. PUBMED Abstract
  418. Walker RL, Read DH, Hayes DC, et al: Equine abortion associated with the Borrelia parkeri–B. turicatae tick-borne relapsing fever spirochete group. J Clin Microbiol 40(4):1558–1562, 2002. PUBMED Abstract
  419. Byars TD, Seahorn TL: Clinical observations of mare reproductive loss syndrome in critical care mares and foals. In Proceeding of First Workshop on Mare Reproductive Loss Syndrome, Lexington, KY, 2002, pp 15–16.
  420. Sebastian MM, Bernard WV, Riddle TW, et al: Mare reproductive loss syndrome. Vet Pathol 45:710–722, 2008. PUBMED Abstract
  421. McDowell KJ, Webb BA, Williams NM, et al: Invited review: the role of caterpillars in mare reproductive loss syndrome: a model for environmental causes of abortion. J Anim Sci 88:1379–1387, 2010. PUBMED Abstract
  422. Tobin T, Harkins JD, VanMeter PW, et al: The mare reproductive loss syndrome and the eastern tent caterpillar. II. A toxicokinetic/clinical evaluation and a proposed pathogenesis: septic penetrating setae. Intern J Appl Res Vet Med 2(2):142–158, 2004.
  423. Jackson PGG: Equine mastitis: comparative lessons. Equ Vet J 18:88–89, 1986.
  424. Perkins NR, Threlefall WR: Mastitis in the mare. Equine Vet Educ 5:192–195, 1993.
  425. Böhm KH, Klug E, Jacobs BJ: Mastitis in the mare—a long-term study on the incidence, clinical symptoms, diagnostics, microbiology, therapy and economic importance, as well as recommendations for veterinary practice. Praktische Tierarzt 90:842–849, 2009.
  426. Noll I, Hospes R: Mastitis in a draught mare. Tierärztliche Praxis Ausgabe G, Grosstiere/Nutztiere 31:16–17, 25–27, 2003.
  427. McGladdery AJ: Differential diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the equine mammary gland. Equine Vet Educ 10:266–268, 1998.
  428. Tibary A: Mammary gland, mastitis. In Carleton CL, editor: Blackwell's five-minute veterinary consult, clinical companion. equine theriogenology, Ames, IA, 2011, Wiley-Blackwell Publishing, pp 336–347.
  429. Al-Graibawi MAA, Sharma VK, Ali SI: Mastitis in a mare. Vet Rec 115:38, 1984. PUBMED Abstract
  430. Kocabıyık AL, Büyükcangaz E, Akkoç A, et al: Disseminated Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus infection in a foal and associated mastitis in a mare. Turkish J Vet Anim Sci 32:487–490, 2008.
  431. Tibary A: Mammary gland, normal. In Carleton CL, editor: Blackwell's five-minute veterinary consult, Clinical Companion. Equine Theriogenology, Ames, IA, 2011, Wiley-Blackwell Publishing, pp 327–335.
  432. Mercier S, Bussy C, Saint-Amand AA: A case of gangrenous mastitis in a trotter mare. Prat Vét Equine 37:63–65, 2005.
  433. Bostedt H, Lehmann B, Peip D: Mastitis in mares. Tierärztliche Praxis 16:367–371, 1988. PUBMED Abstract
  434. Langoni H, Prestes NC, Silva AVd, et al: Microbial aetiology and sensitivity profile of equine mastitis. Semina (Londrina) 19:17–20, 1998.
  435. McCue PM, Wilson WD: Equine mastitis—a review of 28 cases. Equine Vet J 21:351–353, 1989. PUBMED Abstract
  436. Motta RG, Ribeiro MG, Langoni H, et al: Study of routine diagnosis methods of mastitis in mares. Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia 63:1028–1032, 2011.
  437. Roberts MC: Pseudomonas aeruginosa mastitis in a dry non-pregnant pony mare. Equine Vet J 18:146–147, 1986. PUBMED Abstract
  438. Wilson JH, Olson EJ, Haugen EW, et al: Systemic blastomycosis in a horse. J Vet Diag Investig 18:615–619, 2006. PUBMED Abstract
  439. Greiner EC, Mays MBC, Smart GC, Jr, et al: Verminous mastitis in a mare caused by a free-living nematode. J Parasitol 77:320–322, 1991. PUBMED Abstract
  440. Walker RL, Johnson BJ, Jones KL, et al: Coccidioides immitis mastitis in a mare. J Vet Diag Investg 5:446–448, 1993. PUBMED Abstract
  441. Freeman KP: Cytological evaluation of the equine mammary gland. Reproduction—foaling Part 1: maternal aspects. Equine Vet Educ, 5:97–98, 2002.
  442. Prestes NC, Langoni H, Cordeiro LAV: Study of the milk in healthy mares or mares with subclinics mastitis using Whiteside test, microbiological culture and somatic cell count. Braz J Vet Research Anim Sci 36:144–148, 1999.
  443. Rao VN, Ali SL, Maiti SK, et al: Mastitis in a Thoroughbred mare and its successful clinical management. A case report. Centaur (Mylapore) 13:69–70, 1997.
  444. Reese GL, Lock TF: Streptococcal mastitis in a mare. J Am Vet Med Ass 173:83–84, 1978. PUBMED Abstract
  445. Schiemann V, Bartmann CP: Mastectomy in the horse—indication and surgical procedure. Pferdeheilkunde 20:506–510, 2004.
  446. Samper JC, Tibary A: Disease transmission in horses. Theriogenology 66:551–559, 2006. PUBMED Abstract
  447. Tibary A: Pathologie génitale. In Tibary A, Bakkoury M, editors: Reproduction équine, Tome II. L'Etalon, Actes éditions, Rabat, Morocco, 2005, Institut Agronomique et Vétérinare Hassan II, pp 185–316.
  448. Brumbaugh GW, Ekman TL: Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis bacteremia in two horses. J Am Vet Med Assoc 178:300–301, 1981. PUBMED Abstract
  449. Knight HD: Corynebacterium infections in the horse: problems of prevention. J Am Vet Med Assoc 155:446–452, 1969. PUBMED Abstract
  450. Miers KC, Ley WB: Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis infection in the horse: a study of 117 clinical cases and consideration of etiopathogenesis. J Am Vet Med Assoc 177:250–253, 1980. PUBMED Abstract
  451. Reid CH: Habronemiasis and Corynebacterium. Vet Med Sm Anim Clin 60:233–242, 1965. PUBMED Abstract
  452. Tibary A, Rodriguez JS, Samper JC: Microbiology and diseases of semen. In Samper JC, editor: Equine breeding management and artificial insemination, ed 2, St Louis, 2008, Saunders-Elsevier, pp 99–112.
  453. Bowen JM, Tobin N, Simpson RB: Effect of washing on the bacterial flora of the stallion's penis. J Reprod Fertil Suppl 32:41–45, 1982. PUBMED Abstract
  454. Danek J, Wisniewski E: Parasites of the genital organ of stallion. Med Weter 52(1):22–25, 1996.
  455. Foil L, Foil C: Parasitic skin diseases. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2:403–437, 1986. PUBMED Abstract
  456. Miller RI: Diseases of the male and the female equine reproduction tracts including the foetus and neonate. In Proceedings No. 97: Through the naked eye: gross pathology of domestic animals, Sydney, Australia, 1987, pp 557–564.
  457. Miller RI, Campbell RSF: A survey of granulomatous and neoplastic diseases of equine skin in North Queensland. Aust Vet J 59:33–37, 1982. PUBMED Abstract
  458. Murray DR: Granulomatous and neoplastic diseases of the skin of horses. Aust Vet J 54:338–341, 1978. PUBMED Abstract
  459. Boyd CL, Bullard TL: Organophosphate treatment of cutaneous habronemiasis in horses. J Am Vet Med Assoc 153:324, 1968.
  460. Belknap J, Arden W, Yamini B: Septic periorchitis in a horse. J Am Vet Med Assoc 192(3):363–364, 1988. PUBMED Abstract
  461. Braun WF: Physical examination and genital diseases of the stallion. In Morrow DA, editor: Current therapy in theriogenology, ed 2, Philadelphia, 1986, Saunders, p 649.
  462. Gonzalez M, Tibary A, Sellon DC, et al: Unilateral orchitis and epididymitis caused by Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis in a stallion. Equine Vet Educ 20:30–36, 2008.
  463. Pozor M: Ultrasound evaluation of internal genitalia of stallions. Med Weter 60(11):1147–1150, 2004.
  464. Tibary A, Chabchoub A, Sghiri A: Conduite à tenir diagnostique: face à une augmentation de volume des bourses scrotales: chez l�étalon. Le Nouveau Praticien Vétérinaire—Équine 14:21–27, 2007.
  465. Blanchard TL: Identification and treatment of scrotal abnormalities in large animals. Vet Med 85(1):82–84, 1990.
  466. Morresey PR: The enlarged scrotum. Clin Tech Equine Pract 6:265–270, 2007.
  467. Blanchard TL, Varner DD, Brinsko SP: Theriogenology question of the month: scrotal hematocele. J Am Vet Med Assoc 209(12):2013–2014, 1996. PUBMED Abstract
  468. Gygax AP, Donawick WJ, Geldhill BL: Haematocele in a stallion and recovery of fertility following unilateral castration. Equine Vet J 5:128–130, 1973. PUBMED Abstract
  469. Tibary A, Abdelhamid A, Anouassi A: Clinical/ultrasonographic changes in scrotal content of stallions kept in hot/humid environment with or without air conditioning. Adv Reprod VI, Paper 43, 2001.
  470. Karzenski S, Cirsman MV, Roberston J: Endocarditis in a stallion with a history of testicular torsion. Equine Pract 19(8):24–27, 1997.
  471. Hopkins SM: Unilateral castration as treatment for hydrocele in a bull. J Am Vet Med Assoc 178:837–838, 1981. PUBMED Abstract
  472. Horney FD, Barker CAV: Torsion of the testicle in a Standardbred. Can Vet J 16(9):272–273, 1975. PUBMED Abstract
  473. Caron JP, Barber SM, Bailey JV: Equine testicular neoplasia. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 7(1):S53–S56, 1985.
  474. Wilson KE, Dascanio JJ, Duncan R, et al: Orchitis, epididymitis and pampiniform phlebitis in a stallion. Equine Vet Educ 19:239–243, 2007.
  475. Tibary A, Chabchoub A, Sghiri A: Conduite à tenir thérapeutique: face à une augmentation de volume: des bourses scrotales: chez l�étalon. Le Nouveau Praticien Vétérinaire—Équine 16:51–54, 2008.
  476. Love CC: Diagnosis of scrotal enlargement in the stallion. Equine Vet Educ 19:245–246, 2007.
  477. Kinsley MA, Doran RE, Braim AEP: Unilateral periorchitis with a secondary peritonitis in a Standardbred stallion. Equine Vet Educ 22:489–492, 2010.
  478. Love CC: Periorchitis. Equine Vet Educ 22:493–494, 2010.
  479. Gribble DH: Equine ehrlichiosis. J Am Vet Med Assoc 155:462–469, 1969. PUBMED Abstract
  480. Blue MG, McEntee K: Epididymal sperm granuloma in a stallion. Equine Vet J 17:248–251, 1985. PUBMED Abstract
  481. McEntee K: Pathology of the testis of the bull and stallion. In Proceedings of the Society for Theriogenology Conference Annual Meeting, 1979, pp 80–91.
  482. McEntee K: Reproductive pathology of domestic mammals, New York, 1990, Academic Press, pp 279–299.
  483. Neely DP: Physical examination and genital diseases of the stallion. In Morrows DA, editor: Current therapy in theriogenology: diagnosis, treatment and prevention, Philadelphia, 1980, Saunders, pp 694–706.
  484. Smith HA: Veterinary pathology, ed 4, Philadelphia, 1972, Lea & Febiger, pp 196, 512.
  485. Kornaś S, Pozor M, Okólski A, et al: The case of the nematode Setaria equina found in the vaginal sac of the stallion's scrotum. Wiadomości Parazytologiczne 56:319–321, 2010. PUBMED Abstract
  486. Held JP, McCracken MD, Toal R, et al: Epididymal swelling attributable to generalized lymphosarcoma in a stallion. J Am Vet Med Assoc 201(12):1913–1915, 1992. PUBMED Abstract
  487. Held JP, Adair S, McGavin MD, et al: Bacterial epididymitis in two stallions. J Am Vet Med Assoc 197(5):602–604, 1990. PUBMED Abstract
  488. Klug VE, Deegen E, Martin J: Experimentelle ein und beidseitige Samenblasen Exterpation beim Pferd. Deutsche-Tierarztliche-Wochenschrift 86:182–185, 1979.
  489. Love CC: Ultrasonographic evaluation of the testis, epididymis, and spermatic cord of the stallion. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 8 (1):167–182, 1992. PUBMED Abstract
  490. Traub-Dargatz JL, Trotter GW, Kaser-Hotz B, et al: Ultrasonographic detection of chronic epididymitis in a stallion. J Am Vet Med Assoc 198(8):1417–1420, 1991. PUBMED Abstract
  491. Van der Schaaf A, Hendrikse J: Infection of the internal genital organs of a stallion with S. zooepidemicus. Tijdschr Diergeneeskd 88:834–835, 1963.
  492. Sertich PL, Meyers S: Leucocytospermia due to chronic epididymitis in a thoroughbred stallion. Anim Reprod Sci 68:350–351, 2001.
  493. Klug E, Sieme H: Infectious agents in equine semen. Acta Vet Scand Suppl 88:73–81, 1992. PUBMED Abstract
  494. Blanchard TL, Varner DD, Bretzlaff KN: Male reproductive disorders. In Smith BP, editor: Large animal internal medicine, St Louis, 1990, Mosby, pp 1420–1434.
  495. Varner DD, Blanchard TL, Brinsko SP, et al: Techniques for evaluating selected reproductive disorders of stallions. Anim Reprod Sci 60:493–509, 2000. PUBMED Abstract
  496. Blanchard TL, Varner DD, Hurtgen JP, et al: Bilateral seminal vesiculitis and ampullitis in a stallion. J Am Vet Med Assoc 192(4):525–526, 1988. PUBMED Abstract
  497. Gay Y, Perrin R: Deux cas d�étalons présentant une vésiculite. Prat Vet Equine 31:57–60, 1999.
  498. Gay Y, Perrin R: Exploration des voie génitales de l�étalon par fibroscopie. Prat Vet Equine 31:37–44, 1999.
  499. Hughes JP, Asbury AC, Loy RG, et al: The occurrence of Pseudomonas in the genital tract of stallions and its effects on fertility. Cornell Vet 57:53–69, 1967. PUBMED Abstract
  500. Sojka JE, Carter GK: Hemospermia and seminal vesicle enlargement in a stallion. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 7(10):S587–S590, 1985.
  501. Blanchard TL, Varner DD, Love CC: Use of a semen extender containing antibiotic to improve the fertility of a stallion with seminal vesiculitis due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Theriogenology 28:541, 1987. PUBMED Abstract
  502. Fennell LC, McKinnon AO, Savage CJ: Cryopreservation of semen from a stallion with seminal vesiculitis. Equine Vet Educ 22:215–219, 2010.
  503. Hughes JP, Loy RG: The relation of infection to infertility in the mare and stallion. Equine Vet J 197:602–604, 1966.
  504. Johnson TL, Kenney RM, McGee WR, et al: Pseudomonas infection in a stallion: case report. Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 111–116, 1980.
  505. Klug E, Deegen E, Liesk R, et al: The effect of vesiculectomy on seminal characteristics in the stallion. J Reprod Fertil Suppl 27:61–66, 1979. PUBMED Abstract
  506. Malmgren L: Ultrasonography: a new diagnostic tool in stallions with genital tract infection? Acta Vet Scand Suppl 88:91–94, 1992. PUBMED Abstract
  507. Freestone JF, Paccamonti DL, Eilts BE, et al: Seminal vesiculitis as a cause of signs of colic in a stallion. J Am Vet Med Assoc 203(4):556–557, 1993. PUBMED Abstract
  508. Blanchard TL, Woods JA, Brinsko SP, et al: Theriogenology question of the month. J Am Vet Med Assoc 221(6):793–795, 2002.
  509. Pozor M: Diagnostic applications of ultrasonography to stallion's reproductive tract. Theriogenology 64:505–509, 2005. PUBMED Abstract
  510. Malmgren L, Sussemilch BI: Ultrasonography as a diagnostic tool in a stallion with seminal vesiculitis: a case report. Theriogenology 37(4):935–938, 1992. PUBMED Abstract
  511. Tibary A: Endoscopy of the reproductive tract in the stallion. In Samper JC, Pycock JF, McKinnon AO, editors: Current therapy in equine reproduction, St Louis, 2007, Saunders-Elsevier, pp 214–219.
  512. Voss JL, Pickett BW: Diagnosis and treatment of haemospermia in the stallion. J Reprod Fertil Suppl 23:151–154, 1975. PUBMED Abstract
  513. Mancill SS: Clinical and sub-clinical seminal vesiculitis in the stallion. Equine Vet Edu 22:220–222, 2010.
  514. LeBlanc MM, Asbury AC: Rational for uterine lavage after breeding in mares. In Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 34:623–628, 1988.
  515. Atherton JG, Pitt TL: Types of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from horses. Equine Vet J 14(4):329–332, 1982. PUBMED Abstract
  516. Clement F, Vidament M, Guerin B: Microbial contamination of stallion semen. In Proceedings of the VI International Symposium on Equine Reproduction, Brazil, 1994, pp 199–200.
  517. Clement F, Guerin B, Vidament M, et al: Qualité bactèriologique de la semence d�étalon. Prat Vet Equine 25(1):37–43, 1993.
  518. Guay P, Vaillancourt D, Zidane N, et al: Preservation of stallion semen. Prat Vet Equine 21(2):12–14, 1989.
  519. Merkt H, Klug E, Gunzel AR: Control of equine venereal diseases, Klebsiella and Pseudomonas. In International Symposium on Equine Venereal Diseases, Newmarket, UK, 1980, Animal Health Trust, pp 50–53.
  520. Ozgur N, Bagcigil A, Ikiz S, et al: Isolation of Klebsielia pneumoniae from mares with metritis and stallions, detection of biotypes and capsule types. Turk J Vet Anim Sci 27(1):241–247, 2003.
  521. Weiss R, Tillmann H, Drager KG: Maladies génitales chez les équidés dues à Klebsiella pneumoniae type 1. Praktisch Tierarzt 66(2):114–120, 1985.
  522. Bowen JM: Venereal diseases of stallions. In Current therapy in equine medicine, Philadelphia, 1987, Saunders.
  523. Buchi S, Waelchli RO, Corboz L, et al: Postcoital uterine microbe colonization and endometritis in the mare. Tierarztl Prax 19(4):381–385, 1991. PUBMED Abstract
  524. Burns SJ, Simpson RB, Snell JR: Control of microflora in stallion semen with a semen extender. J Reprod Fertil Supplement 23:139–142, 1975. PUBMED Abstract
  525. Pouret E: Prévention et contrôle des maladies génitales microbiennes au cours de la saison sexuelle. Bull Group Tech Vet 2:68–91, 1986.
  526. Huthwohl H, Weiss R, Schmeer N, et al: Occurrence and significance of coagulase-negative staphylococci in the genital tract of horses. Deutsche-Tierarztliche-Wochenschrift 96(5):256–258, 1989. PUBMED Abstract
  527. Jones RL, Squires EL, Slade NP, et al: The effect of washing on the aerobic bacterial flora of the stallion's penis. Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 30:9–15, 1984.
  528. Kenny RM, Cummings MR: Potential control of stallion penile shedding of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Proc Symp Voortplant Pard, Gent, Belgium, 1990.
  529. Rossdale PD, Ricketts SW: Equine stud farm medicine, ed 2, London, 1980, Baillière Tindall.
  530. Båverud V, Nyström C, Johansson KE: Isolation and identification of Taylorella asinigenitalis from the genital tract of a stallion: first case of a natural infection. Vet Microbiol 116:294–300, 2006. PUBMED Abstract
  531. Erdman MM, Creekmore LH, Fox PE, et al: Diagnostic and epidemiologic analysis of the 2008-2010 investigation of a multi-year outbreak of contagious equine metritis in the United States. Prev Vet Med 101:219–228, 2011. PUBMED Abstract
  532. Barrandeguy M, Thiry E: Equine coital exanthema and its potential economic implications for the equine industry. Vet J 191:35–40, 2012. PUBMED Abstract
  533. Gibbs EP, Reoberts MC, Morris JM: Equine coital exanthema in the United Kingdom. Equine Vet J 4:74–80, 1972. PUBMED Abstract
  534. Uppal PK, Yadav MP, Singh BK, et al: Equine coital exanthema (EHV 3 virus) infection in India. J Vet Med B 36(10):786–788, 1989. PUBMED Abstract
  535. Jacob RJ, Cohen D, Bouchey D, et al: Molecular pathogenesis of equine coital exanthema: identification of a new equine herpesvirus isolated from lesions reminiscent of coital exanthema in a donkey. Proc Equine Infect Dis V:140–146, 1988. PUBMED Abstract
  536. Moreno PE: Clinical case report: venereal disease compatible with equine coital exanthema. Notas Vet 2(1):18–19, 1992.
  537. Pascoe RR: The effect of coital exanthema on the fertility of mares covered by stallions exhibiting the clinical disease. Aust Vet J 57:111–114, 1981.
  538. Pascoe RR, Bagust TL: Coital exanthema in stallions. J Reprod Fertil Suppl 23:147–150, 1975. PUBMED Abstract
  539. Rathor SS: Equine coital exanthema in Thoroughbreds. J Equine Vet Sci 9(1):34, 1989.
  540. Crandel R, Davis E: Isolation of equine coital exanthema virus (equine herpesvirus 3) from the nostril of a foal. J Am Vet Med Ass 187:503–504, 1985. PUBMED Abstract
  541. Seki Y, Seimiya YM, Yaegashi G, et al: Occurrence of equine coital exanthema in pastured draft horses and isolation of equine herpesvirus 3 from progenital lesions. J Vet Med Sci 66(12):1503–1508, 2004. PUBMED Abstract
  542. Barrandeguy M, Perkins J, MacDonough J, et al: Occurrence of equine coital exanthema in mares from embryo transfer center. J Equine Vet Sc 30:145–149, 2010.
  543. Ferreira C, Costa EA, França SA, et al: Equine coital exanthema in a stallion. Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia 62:1517–1520, 2010.
  544. Cullinane A, McGing B, Naughton C: The use of acyclovir in the treatment of coital exanthema and ocular disease caused by equine herpesvirus 3. In Plowright W, Nakajima H, editors: Equine infectious diseases VII, Newmarket (Suffolk), United Kingdom, 1994, p 55.
  545. Everman J: Equine coital exanthema. In Castro A, Heuschele W, editors: Veterinary diagnostic virology: a practitioner guide, 1992, Mosby Year Book, pp 159–160.
  546. Kleiboeker SB, Chapman RK: Detection of equine herpesvirus 3 in equine skin lesions by polymerase chain reaction. J Vet Diagn Invest 16(1):4–79, 2004. PUBMED Abstract
  547. Barrandeguy M, Vissani A, Pont Lezica F, et al: Subclinical infection and periodic shedding of equid herpesvirus 3. Theriogenology 74:576–580, 2010. PUBMED Abstract
  548. Barrandeguy M, Vissani A, Olguin C, et al: Experimental reactivation of equine herpesvirus-3 following corticosteroid treatment. Equine Vet J 40:593–595, 2008. PUBMED Abstract
  549. Sabanshiev MS, Eskaliev TE: Isolation of Trypanosoma equiperdum from horses. Veterinariya 10:66–67, 1978. PUBMED Abstract
  550. Claes F, Buscher P, Touratier L, et al: Trypanosoma equiperdum: master of disguise or historical mistake? Trends Parasitol 21(7):316–321, 2005. PUBMED Abstract
  551. Claes F, Ilgekbayeva GD, Verloo D, et al: Comparison of serological tests for equine trypanosomosis in naturally infected horses from Kazakhstan. Vet Parasitol 131:221–225, 2005. PUBMED Abstract
  552. Gari FR, Hagos A, Alemu T, et al: Comparative diagnosis of parasitological, serological, and molecular tests in dourine-suspected horses. Tropical Animal Health and Production 42:1649–1654, 2010. PUBMED Abstract
  553. Kumba FF, Claasen B, Petrus P: Apparent prevalence of dourine in the Khomas region of Namibia. Onderstepoort J Vet Res 69(4):295–298, 2002. PUBMED Abstract
  554. Roberts H, Lopez M: International disease monitoring, July to September 2011. Vet Rec 169:547–550, 2011. PUBMED Abstract
  555. Watson EA: Dourine and the complement fixation test. Parasitology 8:156–183, 1915.
  556. Brun R, Hecker H, Lun ZR: Trypanosoma evansi and T. equiperdum: distribution, biology, treatment and phylogenetic relationship. Vet Parasitol 79:95–107, 1998. PUBMED Abstract
  557. Robertson FJ, Milne J, Silver CL, et al: Abortion associated with Brucella abortus (biotype 1) in the TB mare. Vet Rec 18:480–481, 1973. PUBMED Abstract
  558. Giardina S, Giansante D, Mercante T, et al: Monoclonal antibodies produced against Trypanosoma equiperdum and Trypanosoma evansi recognize both species. Rev Cient Fac Cienc Vet 12(2):82–93, 2002.
  559. Zablotskij VT, Georgiu C, de Waal T, et al: The current challenges of dourine: difficulties in differentiating Trypanosoma equiperdum within the subgenus Trypanozoon. Rev Sci Tech Off Int Epizoot 22(3):1087–1096, 2003. PUBMED Abstract
  560. Hagos A, Goddeeris BM, Yilkal K, et al: Efficacy of Cymelarsan® and Diminasan® against Trypanosoma equiperdum infections in mice and horses. Vet Parasitol 171:200–206, 2010. PUBMED Abstract
  561. Gillingwater K, Büscher P, Brun R: Establishment of a panel of reference Trypanosoma evansi and Trypanosoma equiperdum strains for drug screening. Vet Parasitol 148:114–121, 2007. PUBMED Abstract
  562. Rota A, Calicchio E, Nardoni S, et al: Presence and distribution of fungi and bacteria in the reproductive tract of healthy stallions. Theriogenology 76:464–470, 2011. PUBMED Abstract
  563. Aurich C, Spergser J, Nowotny N, et al: Prevalence of venereal transmissible diseases and relevant potentially pathogenic bacteria in Austrian Noriker draught horse stallions. Wien Tierarztl Monatsschr 90(5):124–130, 2003.
  564. Madsen M, Christensen P: Bacterial-flora of semen collected from Danish Warmblood Stallions by artificial vagina. Acta Vet Scand 36(1):1–7, 1995. PUBMED Abstract
  565. Lindeberg H, Karjalainen H, Koskinen E, et al: Quality of stallion semen obtained by a new semen collection phantom (Equidame) versus a Missouri artificial vagina. Theriogenology 51(6):1157–1173, 1999. PUBMED Abstract
  566. Macedo LP, Papa FO, Gomes GM, et al: Effect of antibiotics on viability and fertility of equine semen cooled to 5° C. Anim Reprod Sci 89:277–280, 2005. PUBMED Abstract
  567. Parlevliet JM, Lynn JW, Paccamonti DL: The use of cefquinome in equine semen extender. J Equine Vet Sci 31:139–142, 2011.
  568. Silva KMGd, Papa FO, Gabaldi SH, et al: Effect of the antibiotics gentamicin and cefalotin and of the amino acid taurine in egg-yolk extender (Baken) on longevity and fertility of cooled equine semen. Revista Brasileira de Ciência Veterinária 10:81–87, 2003.
  569. Varner DD, Scanlan CM, Thompson JA, et al: Bacteriology of preserved stallion semen and antibiotics in semen extenders. Theriogenology 50:559–573, 1998. PUBMED Abstract
  570. Olivieri BT, Love BC, Rezabek GB, et al: Effect of antibiotic-containing extenders on Taylorella equigenitalis contaminated semen. J Equine Vet Sci 31:655–660, 2011.
  571. Dietz JP, Sertich PL, Boston RC, et al: Comparison of ticarcillin and piperacillin in Kenney's semen extender. Theriogenology 68:848–852, 2007. PUBMED Abstract
  572. Corona A, Cherchi R: Microbial quality of equine frozen semen. Anim Reprod Sci 115:103–109, 2009. PUBMED Abstract
  573. Metcalf ES: The role of international transport of equine semen on disease transmission. Anim Reprod Sci 68(3-4):229–237, 2001. PUBMED Abstract
  574. Mann A: EVA guidelines for breeding a mare to an equine arteritis shedding stallion, US American Horse Association Committee Report 101 1997, pp 259–264.
  575. Merkt H, Klug E: Minimum health and sexual potency requirements for breeding stallions. Deutsche-Tierarztliche-Wochenschrift 96(9):456–463, 1989. PUBMED Abstract